Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Forensic studies (Dealing with offending behaviour (Behavioural…

- - - - Though Bassett & Blanchard found that techniques applied inconsistently.
  - - - Compared to behavioural modification, anger management tries to tackle cause through self discovery insight, instead of superficial cause.
      - Little evidence in long term reduction of recidivism, role-play may not reflect real life triggers.
      - Includes cognitive, behavioural & social elements, therefore a multidisciplinary approach.
  - - - Prison reform trust: 25% women & 15% men reported symptoms of psychosis.
  - - - Though trained specialist needed, & high dropout rates, therefore more expensive.
    - - Though difficult to conclude effectiveness.
- - - - Farrington et al:
        
        Reviewed studies.
        
        Offenders scored high on P measures but not E & N.
  - - - Kohlberg:
        
        Based theory on responses to moral dilemma, including Heinz dilemma.
        
        Group of violent youths have lower moral development than non-violent.
    - - Hostile attribution bias
        
        Dodge & Frame:
        
        Showed children video of ambiguous provocation.
        
        Children identified as aggressive perceived more hostile than controls.
        
        Schoenberg & Justye:
        
        55 violent offenders given pictures of emotionally ambiguous faces.
        
        More likely to perceive as hostile when compared to controls.
      - Minimalisation
        
        Barbaree:
        
        26 rapists.
        
        54% denied offence.
        
        40% minimised harm to victims.
        
        Pollock & Hashmall:
        
        35% sample of child molesters argued crime committed non-sexual.
        
        36% said victim consented.
    - - Palmer & Hollin:
        
        210 female non offenders, 122 male non offenders & 126 offenders.
        
        Moral reasoning compared using SRM-SF.
        
        Contains 11 moral dilemma questions.
        
        Delinquent group less mature moral reasoning than non-delinquent.
      - Gibbs proposed mature & immature levels of reasoning, as Kohlberg's post conventional level was culturally biased.
      - Understanding cognitive distortions can lead to CBT encouraging offenders to face up to actions.
  - - - Little evidence that children raised without same sex parent becomes offenders.
        
        Children raised by deviant parents who commit may be due to genetics or socialisation.
      - Lacks empirical evidence as unconscious concepts not open to empirical testing.
      - Implication of females being more prone to offending not supported by evidence.
- - - - Many features identified were associated with Black African origin.
      - Goring: compared 3000 criminals & non-criminals & found no evidence of distinct characteristics for offenders.
      - Bought criminology from moralistic view to science.
  - - - Twin studies
        
        Lange:
        
        13 MZ & 17 DZs.
        
        One twin served time in prison.
        
        10 MZ & 2 DZ co-twin in prison.
        
        Christiansen:
        
        87 MZ & 147DZ.
        
        MZ concordance 33%, DZ 12%.
      - Candidate genes
        
        Tiihonen:
        
        Genetic analysis of 900 offender.
        
        Finnish sample - this combination x13 more likely to have history of violent behaviour.
    - - Pre-frontal cortex
        
        Raine & colleagues:
        
        11% reduced volume of grey matter in prefrontal cortex of APD vs controls.
      - Mirror neurons
        
        Keysers et al:
        
        Criminal's mirror neurons only activate when asked to empathise with person on film experiencing pain.
    - - Early twin studies poorly controlled, MZ or DZ determined by appearance rather than DNA.
        
        Usually small sample sizes & unusual sample, also twins usually reared in same environment.
      - Mednick et al:
        
        13000 Danish adoptees.
        
        Neither biological or adoptive had convictions, 13.5% adoptees did.
        
        Either biological, 20%.
        
        Both biological & adoptive, 24.5%.
      - Late adoption & contact with biological parents were confounding factors.