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Forensic (Psychological explanations (Eysenck (Personality traits…

- - - - Minimalisation: Attempt to downplay seriousness of offence.
      - Hostile Attribution Bias: Misinterpret other people's cues as aggressive.
  - - - Extraverts: Underactive nervous system, seek excitement, stimulation & engages in thrill seeking activities.
      - Neurotic: nervous, jumpy & overanxious.
      - Criminal personality is neurotic - extravert, also high psychoticism score.
  - - - The deviant superego: The superego the child internalises has deviant values.
      - The over-harsh superego: Overly harsh superego causes child to have guilt & anxiety, leading to unconscious need for punishment.
      - The weak superego: if same sex parent absent during phallic stage, child can't internalise fully formes ego as no identification.
- - - - Cognitive preparation: Offender reflect past experiences & identify typical pattern of anger.
      - Skills acquisition: Offenders learn techniques to help deal with anger provoking situations.
      - Application practice: Therapist reenacts scenarios that have led to anger & violence.
  - - - Institutionalisation: Inmates may be so adapted to norms of prison that they are no longer able to function outside.
      - Prisonisation: Prisoners socialised into behaviour considered normal within prison, but not outside.
      - Stress & depression: higher suicide rates & self-harm.
    - - Retribution: Society enacting revenge for crime, the suffering should be proportional to seriousness of crime.
      - Rehabillitation: Reforming prisoners by providing skills training to make prisoners better adjusted to society.
      - Deterrence: Put off individual & society from offending.
      - Incapacitation: Offender removed from society to protect the public.
- - - - Interpersonal coherence: Behaviour at scene reflects everyday behaviour, e.g. How rapists treat victims may reveal everyday relationship with victim gender.
      - Time & place: May indicate where offender lives.
      - Forensic awareness: Those who have been interrogated before, behaviour may show how mindful they are of covering tracks.
    - - The marauder: Operated in close proximity to home.
      - The commuter: Likely to have traveled away from home.
- - - - Twin studies: used to illustrate importance of genes.
      - Candidate genes:
        
        MAOA - controls dopamine & serotonin.
        
        CDH13 - linked to substance abuse & attention deficit disorder.
      - Diathesis - stress model: Genetic predisposition to crime triggered by social/psychological factor.
    - - APD (Antisocial Personality Disorder) - Lack of empathy for other.
      - Prefrontal cortex - Regulates emotional behaviour.
      - Mirror neurons - Research suggests those with APD can experience sympathy but can switch this off.