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Reporoductive Histology (Male (Testis (tunica albuginea: a layer of…

- - - - Septa passes into the testis
        
        Divides into lobules
    - - The epithelium is made of spermatogenic cells
    - - Produces testosterone
  - - - Extend from basement membrane to the lumen.
      - Joined in their bases by tight junctions.
  - - - Primary spermatocytes Diploid (in lumen)
        
        Meiosis I
        
        two haploid secondary spermatocytes
        
        Meiosis II
        
        Four Haploid Spermatids
  - - - Two centrioles form the central cord of the tail piece
      - mitochondria congregate around the proximal tail
      - Golgi Apparatus condenses to form the acrosome __ that contains hyaluronidase that penetrates the Zona Pellucida in the secondary Oocyte.
      - the nucleus flattens. The whole structure elongates
      - Excess cytoplasm is shed.
      - the spermatozoa is released into the lumen where it travel and mature in the epididymis. They are also stored there.
  - - - Corpora means a body and cavernosa hollow ==> Hollow body. Which contains most of the blood in the penis during erection.
      - Contain deep artery.
    - - One of the three tubular structures in the penis that has sponge-like erectile tissues. Which also contain most of the blood in the penis during erection.
      - Contains the Urethra
  - - - opens into the terminal portions of the ductus deferens, forming the ejaculatory duct.
      - Mucosa
        
        folded into labyrinthine cavities
      - Smooth muscles
        
        Aid in the expulsion of semen during ejaculation
      - Secretions:
        
        Viscous secretions contains mucoproteins and fructose for nutrition of spermatozoa, and prostaglandins to induce smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract.
    - - surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
      - Made up of 30 to 50 secretory units.
      - seminal colliculus: The mound of fibromuscular tissue that makes the prostatic urethra U-shaped.
      - The connective tissues are continuous with the stroma
      - open into the urethra through ducts symmetrically disposed to the left and right of the seminal colliculus.
      - The prostate gland is made up of secretory tissue and fibromuscular stroma.
- - - - "White membrane" dense connective tissue surrounds the ovaries (as well as the testis)
    - - Continuous of the peritoneum.
      - Cuboidal epithelium
    - - make up the bulk of the ovary.
      - Contains the Oocytes
      - Follicles that contain the Oocytes and its surrounding tissues.
      - Between follicles are connective tissues and blood vessels that make up the Stroma.
    - - the central core of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
  - - - Outside lamina propia
      - Two layers
        
        Inner circular
        
        Outer longitudinal
    - - Except inferiorly where connective tissue merges with broad ligament.
  - - - Endometrium
        
        Lining of the uterus
        
        Columnar epithelial sometimes ciliated.
        
        Basement membrane
        
        Deep there are vessels, nerves and Stroma
        
        Deep indentations forming uterine glands.
        
        Layers:
        
        stratum functionalis — the nearest endometrial layer to the lumen, which is discarded each month at menstruation
        
        stratum basalis — the deeper part, serving as the source of renewal after each menstruation
        
        Diseases
        
        Endometriosis
        
        Endometrium tissue that are present in the Fallopian tube or the pouch of Douglas.
        
        Cause swelling, pain, and bleeding as the tissue change during and around menstruation.
      - Myometrium
        
        Arterial supply
        
        Straight arteries
        
        which are short and pass into the stratum basalis before bifurcating and forming a rich plexus.
        
        Spiral arteries
        
        which are long, coiled and thick walled, and pass to the surface of the endometrium giving off numerous branches to the glands.
        
        Spiral arteries become less spiral during pregnancy and they respond to hormonal changes.
        
        Three layers of smooth muscle fibres, elastic tissues, and connective tissue, as well as blood vessels
    - - simple layer of columnar epithelial cells containing many mucus cells. Forms a plug during pregnancies.
      - external cervical os has stratified squamous epithelium similar to the vagina
      - Point of change between columnar and squamous epithelium is called squamocolumnar junction
      - Squamocolumnar junction is the site of cervical carcinomas and that's where a smear is obtained.
- - - - Estrogen from theca interna causes the endometrium increase thickness and more secretory glands in number
    - - Corpus Luteum
        
        renewed endometrial glands to secrete embryo-bathingfluids
      - Preparing for zygote implantation
  - - - Graafian cells
      - Thecal cells ==> theca interna and theca externa
      - Granulosa cells
      - Liqur follici
      - The zona pellucida is secreted by granulosa cells of the ovary
      - The theca interna produces oestrogens.