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Civil Right Movement (March on Washington
More than 250,000 citizens of…
Civil Right Movement
March on Washington
More than 250,000 citizens of different races gathered and marched in Washington, D.C. to demonstrate support behind the civil rights movement and protest for more job/work opportunities. Famous civil rights icons attended the event, including John Lewis and Roy Wilkens. There, MLK Jr. delievered his iconic 'I have a dream' speech.
1964 Civil Rights Act
The act was first propsed by President John F. Kennedy. It survived opposition from southern members and was signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson. It ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination for race, color, sex, etc. The act was considered to be one of the most influential acheivements of the civil rights movement.
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Important Dates
July 2, 1964 - Civil Rights Act is passed
August 6, 1965 - Voting Rights Act passed after expansion of the Civil Rights Act
Important People/Events
President John F. Kennedy - FIrst proposed the act
Lyndon B. Johnson - Signed act into law
Important Dates
June 22, 1963 - President Kennedy meets with the leaders of the protest to try to stall the march (fails)
August 28, 1963 - Protestors march to the Lincoln Memorial
Important People/Events
Martin Luther King Jr. - One of the most influential leaders of the march
John Lewis - Another speaker at the march, led SNCC
"I have a dream" speech - An iconic speech delievered by MLK Jr., confirmed him as black America's most prominent spokesperson
Positive Impact
The march brought worldwide attention to the problem of segregation and prompted more African Americans to join the protests.
Supreme Court Case : Brown vs Board of Education
This case held that the racial segregation of children in public schools was not supported under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Oliver Brown filed against the Topeka Kansas school board when his daughter was denied access to an all white school. Brown appealed to the Supreme Court, arguing that the policy would affect his child's education. Chief Justice Earl Warren decided that segregation for education was unconstitutional and he also agreed that education was important.
Positive Impact
This had a positive impact on the Civil Rights Movement because it was essentially the start of the fight for equality.
Important Dates
1951 - Oliver Brown files against the Topeka Kansas school board
May 17, 1954 - The Supreme Court, in an unianimous decision, concludes segregation in schools in unconstitutional
Important People/Events
Oliver Brown - Defended his child's right to equal education
Earl Warren - Guided the ruling of the case
1956 Georgia State Flag Concerns
In 1948, the Confederate Battle Flag appeared at a Dixiecrats Convention in Birmingham, representing the protest against the desegregation changes that appealed to African Americans. In response to this appearance, Governor Marvin Griffin and the Georgia Legislature introduced a bill designed to give historical significance to the state flag by creating a new state flag. On , the bill was passed approving the new flag as it was thought to honor the bravery of the soldiers who served in the Civil War
Mixed Impact
The bill stopped protests over the flag's history and equally represented Georgia's history, but a few blacks perceived the flag as a symbol of white supremacy.
Important Dates
1948 - Confederate Battle Flag appears at a Brimingham convention
1956 - Marvin Griffin introduced the flag bill
February 9th, 1956 - The new flag bill is passed
Important People/Events
Governor Marvin Griffin - Significant in the design of the new state flag
1948 DIxiecrats Convention - Sparked controversy over GA flag
Sibley Commission
The group was charged with gathering state residents' opinions about the problem. Sibley chaired hearings to hear opinions on desegregation and allowed witnesses to state their choice between two options: continuing resistance at the cost of the school system or passing state law to allow the integration of students.
Positive Impact
The group helped to encourage desegregation and delayed the shutting down of schools. After the Sibley Commission's effort, a bill was accepted that would desegregate schools, giving more African Americans access to education.
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Important People/Events
Ernest Vandiver Jr. - Georgia governor, given the responsibility to choose between closing public schools or desegregation
George Busbee - Introduced the plan to create the Sibley Commission
SCLC
Workers for this group encouraged students and others to challenge segregation policies. The SCLC was mostly made up of older, churchgoing blacks that were less inclined to putting themselves in danger. The group, created in response to Rosa Parks' arrest, boycotted segregated businesses and assisted small, local groups looking for change.
SNCC
The SNCC consisted mostly of college aged blacks and whites that purposely put themselves in direct danger. They believed that the SCLC was too passive with their protests, so they organized sit-ins to integrate lunch counters, bearing many attacks that were targeted towards them. They also coordinated Freedom Rides for buses and Freedom Schools for uneducated blacks.
Positive Impact
Both groups fired up African Americans and inspired others to fight against segregation.
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Important People/Events
John Lewis - Chair of the SNCC, helped coordinate the group's 1964 "Freedom Summer" project in Mississippi
Important Dates
January 10, 1957 - The SCLC was founded in Atlanta, Georgia
1956-1966 - Tried to launch first northern campaign in Chicago but failed due to low funds and difficulty dramatizing dsicrimination
Important People/Events
Martin Luther King Jr. - Leader of the SCLC
Albany Movement - The SCLC lacked specific goals and a coherent strategy, leading to a failure
Poor People's March - A campaign planned to be launched to address poverty but MLK Jr.'s assassination caused the plan to collapse and the SCLC was devastated
Albany Movement
This was the first mass movement in the civil rights era with the objective of challenging segregation laws and protesting. The movement resulted in the arresting of nearly 1,000 Americans, causing MLK Jr. to believe that the movement a failure. However, the Albany residents disagreed, saying that it was a success.
Positive Impact
After MLK Jr. left Albany, the number of black voters increased and there was an election of an African-American for a county commission seat. It encouraged other people to join the protests and the movement started to gain more dominance. Additionally, important lessons learned from the movement were applied in the city of Birmingham, Alabama.
Important Dates:
November 17,1961 - Start of the Albany Movement
Summer of 1962 - End of the Albany Movement
Important People/Events:
Martin Luther King Jr. - Main icon of the movement, influential in bringing in new supporters for desegregation
Laurie Pritchett - Arrested nearly 1,000 protestors and made sure media coverage was no present at all times