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The Efficacy and Safety of Vaccinations (History of Vaccines (The first…
The Efficacy and Safety of Vaccinations
Purpose of Vaccinations
Vaccination prevent diseases that cause amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and death.
Vaccination protects others you care about, including family members, friends, and grandparents.
Vaccination protects children from serious illness and complications of vaccine-preventable diseases.
Parents want to do everything possible to make sure their children are healthy and protected from preventable diseases. Vaccination is the best way to do that.
Vaccines are safe and do not cause autism. Multiple studies have been conducted that disprove the conspiracy theory.
C. "
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/vaccines-calling-shots.html
" PBS video aired August 26, 2015.
R. Examine the science behind vaccinations, the return of preventable diseases, and the risks of opting out.
A. PBS, Dr. Simon Fensterszaub (Quality Health Center), DR. Jane Zucker (New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene), Alison Singer (Autism Science Foundation)
A.This information comes from experts in their field and is also collaborated by many other authorities, including the CDC, WHO, medical community at large and many other research organizations and institutions.
P. The purpose of the film is to inform the public of the purpose of vaccinations and ease the public's fears and concerns of vaccinations
History of Vaccines
The first vaccine created in a laboratory was Louis Pasteur’s 1879 vaccine for chicken cholera.
Edward Jenner, a country doctor living in Berkeley (Gloucestershire), England, who in 1796 performed the world’s first vaccination.
C."Vaccine Timeline." 9 November 2017.
http://www.immunize.org/timeline/
. Document. 15 March 2018. Provides the most recent and thorough listings of vaccines and the history of vaccines, going back to 400 B.C.
R. Provides all the information, but difficult to read and extract information from timeline. There are other sources that are easier to use, but this is the most thorough.
A.The Immunization Action Coalition (IAC) is a nonprofit organization founded to promote vaccinations and provide information and resources to the public and medical professionals. The Board of Directors are all Board Certified Physicians.
A. The Coalition works closely with the CDC and much of its information comes from their material
P.The IAC works to increase immunization rates and prevent disease by creating and distributing educational materials for healthcare professionals and the public that enhance the delivery of safe and effective immunization services.
In 1974 , the WHO launched the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), with the goal of dramatically increasing vaccination rates among children in developing countries.
In the first half of the 20th century, vaccine science continued to grow with development of diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxins.
A monumental achievement in vaccine science came in 1949 with propagation of viruses through cell culture.
A substantial increase in the number of mumps outbreaks and outbreak-associated cases has occurred in the United States since late 2015 (1,2). To address this public health problem, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed the available evidence and determined that a third dose of measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and effective at preventing mumps.
Five Types of Vaccinations
Subunit/conjugate vaccine list: Hepatitis B, Influenza (injection), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Pertussis (part of DTaP combined immunization), Pneumococcal, Meningococcal, Human papillomavirus (HPV)
C. .W., Melanie. "Everything you need to know about vaccines." n/a.
https://carrington.edu/blog/medical/vaccines/different-types-of-vaccines/
. Document. 14 March 2018. The Blog doesn't post a date, but the content appears to be written within the past few years based on the replies on the blog.
Toxoid (inactivated toxin) vaccine list: Diphtheria, tetanus (part of DTaP combined immunization)
R. Provided great information about the types of vaccinations that are collaborated with other resources. Also provides additional links to other topics of vaccinations
Inactivated/killed vaccine list: Polio (IPV), Hepatitis A, Rabies
A. The blog is posted on the Carrington College website, an accredited, online university. The author's last name is not revealed.
Live, attenuated vaccine list: Vaccinia (smallpox), Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine), Varicella (chickenpox), Influenza (nasal spray), Rotavirus, Zoster (shingles), Yellow fever
A. The author cites its sources and all of the sources are from credible and reliable sources, such as the CDC.
P. The purpose of the blog is to inform the reader. It appears this may have been a course assignment and the author is not active on the blog.
Efficacy and Effectiveness
Measles and pertussis are very contagious airborne diseases and a larger share of people need to be vaccinated to stop the transmission. Because of this these diseases have the highest HIT rates that need to be reached. For example measles vaccination offers 99% protection, while in the absence of immunisatio, the lifetime risk of infection is nearly 100%
Vaccine efficacy is the % reduction in disease incidence in a vaccinated group compared to an unvaccinated group under optimal conditions vs vaccine effectiveness is the ability of vaccine to prevent outcomes of interest in the “real world”
Herd immunity provides a protective barrier, especially also for those who cannot be vaccinated. These include vulnerable groups such as babies too young to be vaccinated or immune-compromised children who are the first potential victims of low vaccination rates.
R. Resource provides a summary of global vaccination coverage in 2016 that provides a broad range of vaccinations
For most diseases, the greater the share of people who are immunized, the better protected is everyone in the population as the disease transmission can be stopped.
A. The fact sheet is provided by the WHO - the World Health Organization.
P. The main goal of the 2017 campaign with the theme #VaccinesWork is to raise awareness about the critical importance of full immunization throughout life, and its role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however, if global vaccination coverage improves.
C. "Immunization Coverage." Reviewed January 2018.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/
. Fact sheet. 15 March 2018. The resource is very current and all the links are functional
A. The data comes from countries all over the world and from the scientists and researchers from the WHO, a very reliable source for information regarding world health.
Safety and Concern
P. The purpose of the information is to inform and teach parents vaccines are safe and effective in eliminating deadly diseases.
Every licensed and recommended vaccine goes through years of safety testing by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and recommended for use by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Every batch of vaccines is tested for quality and safety.
Once a vaccine is licensed and recommended for use, FDA, CDC, and other federal agencies continue to monitor its safety.
Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies.
A.The information of the studies come from peer reviewed research papers and medical journals
The United States has one of the most advanced systems in the world for tracking vaccine safety: The United States has one of the most advanced systems in the world for tracking vaccine safety. VSD is a collaboration between CDC and several health care organizations across the nation. PRISM is part of the Sentinel Initiative, which is FDA’s national system for monitoring medical products after they’re licensed for use. CISA is a collaboration between CDC and a national network of vaccine safety experts from medical research centers. The Department of Defense (DoD) and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) have systems to monitor vaccine safety and do vaccine safety research.
R. This is an excellent source that addresses the concerns that have been raised by vaccines and sites studies and provides links to authoritative research papers that address that provide scientific proof vaccines are safe
A. The website is funded by pediatricians from the American Academy of Pediatrics. The medical editors and contributors are listed and many have links to their professional sites.
C. "Vaccine Safety: Examine the Evidence." 26 January 2017.
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccine-Studies-Examine-the-Evidence.aspx
. 2018. 15 March 2018. The information was recently updated and are the links are functional