Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Agriculture (Types of agriculture activities (Types of output (Pastoral…

- - - - Provide goods for farmer's family
      - Inadequate/ minimum return (profit) to farmer
      - Rural poor use it for survival
        
        Provide food with little cost
        
        Lessen need for transportation to go to city
        
        Opportunity to stay in village
    - - Capital intensive, large area used, lots of machines
      - Commercially grown grains
      - Practised in temperate (warm) grasslands
        
        North America, Asia, Europe
      - Crops grown all-year round. When there's severe winters, only one crop will be grown.
  - - - Grow crops
        
        Natural factor: Wheat and oats needs warmer weather and fertile soil to flourish. Require flatland to allow use of harvesters and machines.
        
        Human factor: Crop rotation, moving crops between fields within period of time
        
        To maximise yields, prevent soil depletion, maintain productivity of soil.
        
        China crop rotation benefit agriculture
    - - Farming related to livestock
        
        Livestock usually graze on naturally grown grass or vegetation.
      - Pastoral farmers may grow crops. Instead of selling it, they feed it to the livestock so they can stay healthy for optimum production.
    - - Crop + Arable farming
      - Advantages
        
        More diverse enterprise
        
        Farms can support each other
        
        Eg. livestock manure can be used to maintain soil fertility
        
        Higher earning potential
        
        Eg. if one source of income lost, other source can still be used
        
        Work all through the year
        
        Utilise similar resource
        
        Cut down waste
  - - - Higher yield per unit land, lower yield per capita
      - High input (capital / labour)
        
        Apply fertiliser, pesticides, irrigation system. Use advanced technology
    - - Lower yield per unit land, higher yield per capita
      - Low input (capital / labour)
        
        Rely on nature; soil fertility, terrain, climate, relief, availability of water
- - - - Rainfall
        
        Water-demanding agricultural activities (rice) --> abundant rainfall, plentiful water resource
        
        Drought-resistant crops/ farming activities --> less rainfall, less water resource
      - Temperature
        
        Different crops different temperature requirements
        
        Longer frost-free period, better growing condition
  - - - Eg. plains and basins
    - - Eg. plateaus
- - - - Extreme climate
      - Highlands and mountains in West China, not suitable for farming
      - Uneven water distribution
        
        North China, 3/5 of China's farmlands, 1/5 of China's water resource
    - - Flooding
      - Drought
      - Pests
  - - - From 1998 to 2008, China's arable land decreased from 1.95 billion mu to 1.83 billion mu. 100 million mu were lost these 10 years
        
        Urban/ industrial development
        
        Building railways, highways, residential buildings and factories take up farmlands
        
        Related news 1, news 2
        
        Environmental pollution
        
        Industrial and urban development such as building factories produce lots of harmful gases and toxic sewage. These pollutants cause air, land and water pollution, damaging the crops.
        
        2% of farmland are polluted while 30% are affected by acid rain.
        
        Soil Erosion and Desertification
        
        Overgrazing
        
        Too much animals are grazed on one piece of land. Animals trample and graze on every grass, removing the topsoil, causing soil erosion. Also, the land will not be able to replenish its soil nutirents
        
        Monoculture
        
        Only one type of crop is grown in a piece of land. If it continues for a long period, it will result in lost of of soil nutrients
        
        Deforestation
        
        Clearing of trees will result in nothing trapping the soil nutrients. When it rains, the soil nutrients will be washed away, casing soil erosion.
        
        Overcultivation
        
        Excessive use of farmland, soil productivity fails due to soil not able to replenish its nutrients.
        
        Ploughing may cause soil erosion since topsoil is exposed and is easily blown away by wind.
    - - Rural farmers moved to urban areas in order to earn more income and have better living standards. Resulting in not enough farm labour for farm work.
- - - - Factors needed for agricultural activities
        
        Physical input (come from nature)
        
        Sunlight, soil, seed, rainfall, temperature, relief
        
        Human input (in/direct means of human changing the nature)
        
        Fertilisers, pesticides, labour, capital, machines
    - - Interaction between various inputs
        
        Ploughing, sowing, irrigating, harvesting
    - - Result of the process
        
        Useful outputs
        
        Farm produce
        
        Harmful outputs
        
        Pollution, waste, toxic chemicals
- - - - Improve water supply, semi-arid land can be transformed into farmland
        
        Soil salinization. Irrigation water too salty, reduce productivity of soil.
    - - Richen the soil, decrease number of pests
        
        Pesticides: upset nature control on pests & water pollution
        
        Fertiliser: Algae bloom, algae take up oxygen, no oxygen for fish
    - - Improve farm efficiency, relieves the problem of shortage of labour
        
        Expensive, replace job
    - - GM crop modify the genes of the crop to make it grow better/ more nutritions
        
        May be harmful to human, expensive