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Cardiovascular System (Terms related to heart function (Cardiac output…

- - - - expressed as liters per minute
        
        HR * SV = CO
  - - - directly related to stroke volume
- - - - extends from AV node into and through interventricular septum
  - - - Pacemaker, heartbeat initiated here
  - - - comes from cardioinhibitory center
        
        left vagus nerve
        
        innervates AV node
        
        right vagus nerve
        
        innervates SA node
      - stimulates decreased HR with no effect on contraction
    - - comes from cardioacceleratroy center
        
        T1-T5 neurons extend to SA node, AV node, amd myocardium
      - increases HR and force of contraction
  - - - 2) Action potential is delayed at the AV node before it passes to the AV bundle
        
        3) AV bundle conducts action potential to the left and right bundle branches and then to Purkiinje fibers
        
        The action potential is spread via gab junctions through out the ventricles
- - - - deep groove that separates atria from the ventricles externally
      - extends around circumference of the heart
    - - Deep groove between the ventricles
    - - Right auricle
        
        Wrinkled flap-like extension on right atrium
      - aorta and pulmonary trunk noticable
    - - left atrium and ventricle prominent
      - pulmonary veins, superior and inferior vena cava, and pulmonary veins viewable
  - - - outermost layer
      - simple squamous epithelium and underlying layer of areolar connective tissue
      - thickens and becomes more invested with adipose tissue with increased age
    - - Middle layer
      - cardiac muscle tissue
      - thickest layer
    - - internal surface of heart/ internal surface of valves
      - simple squamous epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
  - - - separates atria
    - - separates ventricles
    - - internal wall smooth on posterior surface
      - pectinale muscles
        
        muscular ridges on anterior surface
      - Fossa ovalis
        
        oval depression on internal septum
        
        opening of coronary sinus immediately inferior
    - - Trabeculae carneae
        
        Large smooth, irregular muscle ridges on internal wall
      - Papillary muscles
        
        three cone-shaped muscular projections extending from internal wall
      - tendinous cords or chordae tendinae
        
        thin strand of collagen fibers anchored by papillary muscles
        
        Attach to the tricuspid
    - - has pectinate muscles in auricle
      - opening of pulmonary veins visible
    - - also displays trabeculae carnae
      - has 2 papillary muscles
  - - - Right
        
        tricuspid
      - Left
        
        Bicuspid
      - Regulate blood flow between atria and ventricles
      - papillary muscles secure tendonous cords that attach to lower surface of valves
        
        prevent valves from inverting
    - - pulmonary
        
        between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
      - aortic semilunar valve
        
        between left ventricle and ascending aorta
      - each valve composed of 3 half-moon-shaped pocket like semi lunar cusps
- - - - connect to arteriols and venules
        
        1mm length with diameter of 8-10 micrometers
        
        consist of endothelial layer only
  - - - 8-100 micrometers in diameter
        
        largest have all 3 tunics
        
        merge to form veins
  - - - not named
        
        Lager have all 3 tunics;smallest may only have 1 tunic
  - - - Small and medium-sized are companion vessels with arteries
        
        Have valves to prevent the pooling of blood
  - - - As lumen diameter
- - - - Ventricles contracting; atria relaxed; AV valves remain closed, semilunar valves open
        
        Ventricular blood volume decreases 9 as blood ejected)
  - - - Ventricles relaxing; atria relaxed; AV valves remain closed, semilunar valves closed
        
        Ventricular pressure > atrial pressure and < pressure in aorta
        
        Ventricular blood volume remains the same
  - - - Ventricular contraction, atria relaxed: both AV and semilunar valves closed
        
        Ventricular pressure > atrial pressure, < pressure in aorta
        
        Ventricular blood volume remains the same
  - - - Ventricles relaxing; atria are relaxed; AV valves open, semilunar valves closed
        
        Ventricular pressure < atrial pressure and pressure in aorta
        
        Ventricular blood volume increases
  - - - atrial contraction; vetricles relaxed to receive blood, AV valves open and semilunar valves closed
        
        Ventricular pressure < atrial pressure and pressure in aorta
        
        Ventricular blood volume increases slightly
- - - - Initiates ventricular contraction
  - - - Initiates atrial contraction
- - - - also have fast voltage-gates Na and K channels: slow voltage-gated Ca channels
        
        movement of Ca important in normal cardiac muscle cell function