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epidemiology_3 randomized controlled trial (PICOS, clinical importance…
epidemiology_3 randomized controlled trial
2 randomization
random numbers
x control
placebo effect
regression to mean
natural progress
1 control
confounding (third variable of the exposure/outcome) sex, age, smoke, dietexercise, co-morbidities, health conscious
statistical adjustment
standardization
stratified analysis
multiple regression
stratified analysis
effect modifier
different RR in different subgroups
confounding
similar RR in different subgroups
study design
restriction
matching
randomization
4 reduce loss to follow-up 5 intention to treat
3 binding
placebo (placebo effect)
measures of effect
relative risk reduction (1-relative risk) x 100%
attributable risk percent (P1-P2)/P1x100% or (RR-1)/RRx100%
number needed to treat (1/risk difference)
intention to treat
randomized must be included
included in their groups
assume treatment does not work in both groups
intention to treat
PICOS
measures of effect
relative risk (P1/P2) (cohort study)
odds ratio (AD/BC) (odds ratio)
risk difference (P1-P2) or relative risk reduction x prevalence
clinical importance PICOS
setting
outcomes
control
intervention
patients
v treat
x treat
v dis
x dis
A
B
C
D
total
%
N1
N2
P1
P2
in those who receive treatment
number of patients needed to treat
in order to obtain one desirable event