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Plant Form and Function (Plant Growth (Secondary Growth (All gymnosperms,…

- - - - growing shoot tip
      - most of young shoot growth concentrated here
    - - can potentially form branch or thorn
      - in the upper axil of leaf
  - - - Derived from primary root (embryos first root)
      - Supports vertical growth
      - food storage
      - Single main vertical root
    - - common in monocots
      - primary root dies and does not become taproot
      - roots are adventitioius
      - thick matt of roots spreading out below soil
  - - - Eudicots: branched vein network coming from one main vein (midrib)
      - Monocots: parallel vertical lines
- - - - Cortex: external to vascular tissue
      - Pith: internal to vascular tissue
  - - - Phloem: transports products from photosynthesis (sugars) down from leaves through plant
      - Xylem: absorbs water and other nutrients through roots and sends upwards through plant
    - - arrangement depends on species and organ
      - Angiosperms have a solid central vascular cylinder
      - vascular tissue of a root or stem
  - - - replaces epidermis in older layers of stem and roots
      - becomes bark like (secondary xylem and phloem)
    - - involved in gaseous exchange
      - specialized epidermal cells
    - - a layer of tightly packed cells
      - forms protective cuticle on stems and leaves
      - single tissue
    - - become outgrowths
      - specialized epidermal cells found in shoots
- - - - Fibers: long, slender, and tapered; generally grouped in strands
      - Sclereids: boxier and irregular in shape, very thick lignified walls
  - - - wider, shorter, and thinner walled than tracheids
      - aligned end to end for water flow (create vessels)
      - mature trachieids secondary wall once the rest dissolve
    - - long thin cells with tapered ends
      - water moves from cell to cell mainly through pits
      - occur in all vascular plants
  - - - in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
      - transport sugars and other photosynthetic materials
    - - lack a nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elements to allow resources to pass through easier
      - Sieve plates
        
        have pores to facilitate flow
        
        end walls between sieve-tube elements
      - chains of sieve cells (creates tube)
      - Companion Cell
        
        connected by numerous plasmodesmata
        
        allows sieve-tube elements to use their nucleus and ribosomes, as their own
        
        alongside each sieve-tube element
      - In angiosperms
- - - - Axillary bud meristems are beginning of branches but considered apical because they grow out (add length not circumference)
      - shoot apical meristem
      - Leaf primordia (leaf grows off side of shoot)
    - - zone of elongation: older cells elongate
      - zone of differentiation: elongated cells become specialized
      - zone of division (add tissue/cell); root cap protects new cells in roots, not necessary in shoots (soil vs air)
      - protoderm: outer layer, creates epidermis; Ground Meristem: in-between, creates ground tissue; Procambium: gave rise to vascular tissue, different shaped xylem and phloem in monocots vs eudicots, xylem and phloem tissue surrounded and separated by pericycle
  - - - growth in circumference (secondary)
      - primarily found in stems and roots
    - - responsible for vertical (primary) growth
      - tips of roots and shoots
  - - - secondary growth necessary to support greater heigh
      - woody plants