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Best Practice for EVM (3/Best Practice Recommendations for Designing and…

- - - - Second, EVM is also an appropriate method when researchers are faced with ethical dilemmas
        associated with conducting experimental research
      - First, EVM is particularly useful for in research domains in which variables are known to correlate but there is a need to determine the nature and direction of causal relationships
      - do not use EVM when those scenarios do not create the same context as would be encountered in ‘‘real life’
      - :warning: Очень хорошая таблица № 2 использовать для источников по методологии...
    - - Paper people:This type of EVM is most appropriate when the goal is to assess explicit processes and outcomes—those about which participants are aware and on which they can provide information
      - Policy capturing and conjoint analysis studies
        In both of these types of EVM, it is assumed that important factors that make up the individual’s decision process are known a priori
        hese techniques can be used to collect large amounts of information, even from a relatively small group of participants
    - - Choices include a between-person, within-person, or mixed research design (Atzmu¨ller & Steiner, 2010)
        
        within-person design, each participant views the same set of vignettes, and comparisons are made between vignettes within the same person (Atzmu¨ller & Steiner, 2010)
        
        Between-person designs require that each participant read only one vignette, and comparisons are made across participants (Atzmu¨ller & Steiner, 2010)
        
        Accordingly, the recommendation is to provide participants with adequate contextual background when using a between-subjects design or use the within-person or mixed design options. :warning:
        
        In mixed designs, different groups of participants receive different sets of vignettes; owever, within each group, participants see the same vignettes (Atzmu¨ller & Steiner, 010)
    - - in fact, EVM studies are criticized for only showing that certain outcomescanhappen but not necessarily that they dohappen outside of the experimental situation
        
        One recommendation to improve realism is to increase the level of immersion experienced by
        participants
    - - Theory plays a crucial role
        in planning an EVM
        
        There are two main approaches that can be used in choosing variables to include
        
        The first involves an attribute-driven design, in which factors are set up so that they are orthogonal to one another
        
        As a second recommendation, researchers can use the ‘‘actual derived cases’’ approach (in fact, the recommendation is to ask individuals similar to the targeted sample to provide details)
    - - Rather, a question to ask is ‘‘What is the number of variables to be manipulated and the number of levels that each of those variables includes?’’
        
        the first step is to create a full population of vignettes. After the full population is constructed, researchers must decide on how many of the vignettes will be actually used
        
        ...conducting policy capturing/con- joint analyses, the recommendation is to use a minimum of five scenarios for every attribute that is manipulated (Aiman-Smith et al., 2002; Shepherd & Zacharakis, 1999)
        
        including repeated vignettes allows researchers to assess reliability (Karren & Barringer, 2002; Shepherd & Zacharakis, 1999).
  - - - between-person designs. But, if such designs are used, data analytic techniques such as MANOVA, ANOVA, and ANCOVA are appropriate.
      - withinperson of mixed design types, then there is a two-level data structure: vignette level and respondent
        level
- - - - Прямое суждение или решение по карточке
      - Paper people studies consist of presenting participants with vignettes typically in written form (and hence their name) and then asking participants to make explicit decisions, judgments, and choices or express behavioral preferences. T
    - - Сравнение карточек, их ранжирование, выбор между карточками...
      - In contrast to paper people studies, participants are asked to make decisions between scenarios in order to capture implicit processes (Aiman-Smith et al., 2002)