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Part 1 - Implementation (Program vs Policy (program consists of…
Part 1 - Implementation
the longer in the chain of causality, the more numerous the reciprocal relationships among the links and the more complex implementation becomes.
How, then, do we distinguish between a policy and its implementations?
sometimes a policy means a statement of intention: our policy is to increase employment among minorities.
nothing is said about what might be done or whether anything has been or will be done to accomplish that purpose.
whe policies remain disembodied objective, without specifying actors or the acts which they must engage to achieve the disired result, there is no implementation.
when the statement of the objective includes is attainment, implementation is unnecessary
implementation would constitue the ability to achieve the predicted consequences after the initial conditions have been met
Program vs Policy
program consists of governmental action initiated in order to secure objectives whose attainment is problematical
implementation may be viewed as a process of intercation between the setting of goals and actions geared to chieving them.
Policies imply theories
policies become programs when, by authoritative action, the initial conditions are created. X now exists
implementation, then, is the ability to forge subsequent links in the causal chain so as to obtain desired results. Given X, we acto to obtain Y.
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When objectives are not realized, one explanation is the assertion of faulty implementation
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the possibility of a mismatch between means and ends calls into question the adequacy of the original policy design
though we can isolate policy and implementation, for separate discussion, in practice the separation is fatal