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Is ISIS Islamic? (Duty of Jihad and the Purging of Apostates (Jihad and…

- - - - western clothing and shaving facial hair
      - voting in an election
      - Laxed commitment to identifying apostates
      - Being Shiite -- denial of Quran's perfection
      - selling alcohol or drugs
    - - Jahili society: any society which does not dedicate itself to submission to Allah, in its beliefs and ideas in its obervances of worship, and in its legal regulations (Qutb 91)
- - - - Wilaya: power delegated by God (Hourani 7)
    - - Al-Ghazali
        
        Avoid court and company of unjust ruler
        
        Remain silent if words risk encouraging rebellion
      - Al-Ghazi (Hourani 14)
        
        Designated by Prophet or previous iman
        
        Delegation by the possessor of power (twafid)
        
        Imam can self-appoint if they had necessary qualification
        
        Unqualified imam who is willing to consult ulama in exercise of his functions can remain if rebellion would cause civil strife
      - Badr al-Din ibn Jama'a (Hourani 15)
        
        Need for ruler necissitates the community's acceptance of whoever the ruler may be
        
        If leader is overthrown, new leader must be obeyed
        
        Mamaluke apologist
      - Tahtawi: Rulers posses absolute power, though should respect law (Hourani 73)
      - Al-Afghani: Caliphate not necessary; low opinion of Muslim rulers of his day; more emphasis on spiritual guidance (Hourani 116)
- - - - Sunni (Hourani 5)
        
        Caliph inherit only part of Prophet's Function and Powers #
        
        Lead community in peace and war
        
        collect taxes and supervise law
        
        Imam -- leader in prayer with competence in law and interpretation
        
        Sovereignty of umma rests in God
        
        Succession based on consensus of the community (Hourani 5)
      - Shhis (Hourani 4)
        
        Succession based on Quraysh Lineage (Hourani 4; Devji 23)
        
        Imams posses political authority and power of infallible interpretation of the Quran
- - - - Intellectualizing the Quran
        
        Sources of Islam Outside of the Quran
        
        Ijtihad: Qualified Islamic scholars discern what is and is not Islamic based on strict analogy and processes of reasoning (Hourani 2)
        
        Tahtawi: Laws must change according to the circumstances (Hourani 70)
        
        Al-Afghani: Without ijihad, guilty of stagnation and immitation which are enemies of true Islam; similar to materialism (Hourani 127)
        
        Hadith and Sunna (Hourani 2)
        
        Ijima. general consensus of scholars (Hourani 2)
        
        Maslaha
        
        Tahtawi: People should participate in the process of government (Hourani 70)
        
        Abduh: Islamic Concepts allign with Modern European Thinking (Hourani 144)
        
        Masahala = utility
        
        shura = democracy
        
        ijma = public opinion
        
        Ibn Taymiyya: must reflect malaha (public interest) (Hourani 22)
        
        New Islam: fragmentation, democratization, and individualism (Devji 132)
        
        Call for Educational Reform
        
        Tahtawi: Key to virtue is education (Hourani 77)
        
        Reclaim the natural sciences from Europe (Hourani 81)
        
        Al-Afghani: religion in harmony with reason (Hourani 123)
        
        Abduh: Educational Reform in order to progress (Hourani 140)
      - Prophet Muhammad's Introduction of the Quran
        
        13 years to reveal Quran (Qutb 37)
        
        Read no more then 10 verses at a time as to not overwhelm themselves (Qutb 31)
        
        Islamic belief into a practical movement that mirrors the belief (Qutb 54)
    - - Al-Aghani: True Islam is the belief in a transcendent God who created the universe and rejection of creeds that assume man is worthy of worship and the universe was self-created (Hourani 124)
        
        Al-Afghani: True Islam cannot be restored until ulama returned to true Islam and the community as a whole accepted this commitment (Hourani 119)
      - Rida: true Islam requires both real 'ulama' and a true caliph (Hourani 239)
        
        Rida: Literal interpretation of Quran and hadith unless literal interpretation contradicts rational principle (Hourani 223)
        
        Must return to the Quran (Hourani 228)
      - "There is no diety worthy of worship but Allah" (Qutb 39)
  - - - God is unique
        
        To obey is to worship (Qutb 69)
      - He has revealed His will through the medium of the Prophet
      - Muhammad is the last of the line of the prophets
      - Must act in accordance with the Quran
      - The world will end with judgement
    - - Messenger only meant to be temporary (Qutb 29)
      - Changing methods of implementing call for submission of One God (Qutb 66)
    - - Community expansion
      - Quran and Hadith taken as principles of action
      - Spirit of umma