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Corrections (Prison Programs (Prison Industries (Inefficiencies offset…

- - - - trades often taught, however skills are out of date
  - - - manufacture items that are sold on the open market
      - laws were passed restricting prison-made goods to be sold on the open market
        
        laws were eventually removed and correctional facilities were influenced to dabble in the private sector because:
        
        they allow inmates to earn wages they can use post release
        
        relieve idleness
        
        they reduce the cost of incarceration
    - - transfers / release
      - little education
      - turnover
      - lack steady work habits
      - nature of inmates
        
        make sure no goods are stolen
        
        need to make headcounts
  - - - reading
      - English
      - math
  - - - how they are used depends on:
        
        goals of the institution
        
        administration's attitudes
  - - - evaluate inmates:
        
        treatment and educational needs
        
        work assignment
        
        Security level
        
        readiness for release
  - - - cost dependent on age
      - full-time staff of nurses
        
        take care of routine health care and dispense medicine from pharmacy
      - part-time physicians under contract to the corrections system
    - - inmates have a constitutional right to healthcare
      - the failure to provide medical and mental health care is a violation of the 8th amendment and is considered a cruel and unusual punishment
    - - sent to near hospitals with correctional staff
- - - - Provision of care in keeping with the needs of the women
      - Management of women's prisons by female staff
      - Separation from men
    - - formed in NY in 1877
        
        Goal: improved treatment, separation from men
  - - - Prisons should operate according to philosophy of inmate change
      - Reformation rewarded by release
    - - Reformatory
        
        An institution that emphasizes training, a mark system of corrections, indeterminate sentences, and parole.
      - Mark System
        
        A point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning "marks" or points, through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.
      - Zebulon Brockway
        
        Belief
        
        Diagnosis and treatment key to rehab
        
        Founder of parole and probation
  - - - Community Model
        
        Crime Control Model
        
        1970's-2000's
        
        Record number of people incarcerated
        
        Based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision
        
        Should provide treatments and increased opportunities for offenders to succeed in society
        
        1960's-1970's
        
        Community Corrections
        
        Purpose of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the community
        
        Correctional officers advocates for offenders
      - Two main strategies
        
        Rehabilitating the individual offenders
        
        Improving the conditions in social environments that seemed to be breeding grounds of crime
      - Rehabilitation model
        
        Adding classifications to diagnose offenders and make programs to help
        
        Saw social, intellectual, or biological deficiencies in criminals as causes of their crimes
        
        a model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of educational training or therapy
      - Medical model
        
        A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment
      - Failed to achieve goals, discredited
  - - - Method
        
        Inmates sleep in their cells but come together to eat and work
      - Activity
        
        Work together in shops making goods to be sold by the state
      - Implementation
        
        Strict discipline, obedience, labor, silence
      - Congregate system
        
        Penitentiary system developed by Elam Lynds, in Auburn
        
        Each inmate held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day
        
        Strict rule of silence
      - Goal
        
        Redemption of the offender through well ordered routine of the prison
      - Contract labor system
        
        A system under which inmates labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution
    - - Lease system
        
        A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor
        
        Treated them like garbage because they had no business investment in them
        
        Many died in the process, 45 percent in one deal
      - Used prisoners practically as slave labor, treated them worse
    - - Separate Confinement
        
        Each inmate held in isolation from other inmates
        
        Principles
        
        In isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent.
        
        Solitary confinement would be punishment, because humans by nature are social animals.
        
        Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
        
        Solitary confinement would be economical, because prisoners would not need a long time to repent, and so fewer keepers would be needed and the cost of clothing would be lower.
        
        Prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should convinced, through hard and selective forms of suffering, that they could change their lives.
        
        A penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania
        
        All activities took place in cell
      - Activity
        
        Bible reading, work on crafts in cell
      - Method
        
        Inmates kept in their cells for eating, sleeping, and working
      - Implementation
        
        Isolation, penance, contemplation, labor, silence
      - Goal
        
        Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison
  - - - An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform.
    - - A movement in the 18th century that liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.
    - - Wrote book: The State of Prisons in England and Wales
        
        Resulted in Penitentiary Act of 1779
        
        Four Principles an institution was based on:
        
        Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules
        
        Abolition of the fees that charged offenders for their food
        
        A secure and sanitary building
        
        A reformatory regime
      - Ideas took up faster in America than Europe
- - - - People who identify as homosexual are more likely to be victims of rape
      - many victims also reported being victimized before incarceration
      - prisoners have very few options to escape prisoner-on-prisoner victimization:
        
        seek protective custody
        
        seek protection of a gang member or someone who is stronger than them and has some sort of power
        
        they are then indebted to them
        
        fade into the shadows
        
        stand and fight
        
        according to the inmate code this is what prisoners should do
    - - life is even more unpleasant
        
        only really let out of their cells for exercise and showers
      - if they return to general population they are looked at as a weak or snitch and hold that label until they return to society
    - - gangs make it difficult for wardens to maintain control
      - make some prisons more dangerous than even the worst American neighborhoods
      - administration has set up intelligence units to combat gangs inside and out of prison
  - - - accidental pushing down the stairs
      - sneak attack
      - adds stress
    - - potential for inmates to seize them and attack
      - gives them more leeway to use force
  - - - massive scale of mega prisons allow inmates to hide weapons, do their own justice, and engage in illicit activities
      - population and classification allow for some non-violent offenders to fall through the cracks and live among violent offenders
      - can promote violence
    - - easily availability of weapons
      - classification issues
      - Architectural design that promotes rather than inhibits victimization
      - overcrowding that creates tension
      - inadequate supervisor
    - - running a tight ship prevents violence and attacks
        
        prevents opportunity for attacks
      - good management can lead to inmates doing their time and feeling safe
      - prisons must be managed transparently
        
        incidents of violence must be dealt with and openly investigated
      - public should be made aware of violence
      - budget cuts are affecting management
      - ways to successfully manage inmates go against the whole idea of rehabilitation and reintegration
  - - - wardens often feel that they need to support the staff to get support back
  - - - racist attitudes have become part of the convict code
      - Forced association exaggerates and amplifies racial conflict
    - - Men 16-24 are more prone to violence than older men
        
        younger men have greater physical strength than older men
        
        younger men have less ties to family and less commitments
        
        more likely to be victimized
    - - significantly more likely to be victimized
      - more likely to be sexually abused during incarceration
      - prison conditions make existing conditions worse bring up new conditions
- - - - types of volunteers
        
        act as unpaid probation officer
        
        support the probation officer
  - - - they cannot give adequate supervision to everyone
      - people fall through the cracks
    - - they may not be getting adequate supervision
  - - - falls under executive branch
      - many time handled by the judicial branch and courts
    - - some dont know corrections well enough
      - keeps closer tabs on probationers
      - when judges and probation officers know eachother and trust eachother with their jobs things run smoother
    - - Probation often handled by judicial branch
      - human services are the executive branch
      - probation officers often have a hard time getting the services they need to provide
  - - - completion successfully of parole
      - status is revoked because of misbehavior
    - - discretion of the probation officer with how to handle it
      - the failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation resulting in the revocation of probation
    - - probation just ends
  - - - created probation as a humanitarian effort
    - - therapy
        
        advocacy
        
        risk management
    - - punishment should fit offense
      - amount and type of supervision is determined by the risk that the probationer will commit another crime
    - - A model of justice that emphasizes reparation to the victim and the community
      - problem solving perspective with regard to crime
      - community involvement in crime prevention
- - - - Wide range of correctional institutions, facilities, and programs exist for males
      - Facilities are classified by level of security
    - - Number of women in prison increasing
      - Conditions for women are often more pleasant
      - Further from families
    - - Parole handled by state parole boards in the states that have that discretion
      - Probation handled by the community
  - - - They can run and build prisons at least as effectively as the government
      - Can be profitable and at a lower cost to taxpayers
    - - Some, but no many, states have shown cost savings
      - little difference between private and public institutions
      - possibly less of a focus on programs that help offenders reintegrate into society
    - - Political
      - Fiscal
      - Ethical
  - - - Federal Bureau of Prisons
        
        Classify inmates by security level
        
        Levels 1-5
        
        1 being minimum security, 5 being maximum security
        
        Contracts with states, cities, and private agencies to provide community services such as halfway houses, prerelease programs, electronic monitoring
    - - Federal Probation and Parole Supervision
        
        Appoint probation officers
        
        Presentence investigations
        
        Supervise probationers and parolees
  - - - Problems even good management can't fix:
        
        Inmate Characteristics
        
        Horror stories of victimization
        
        Jails lack correctional services for inmates
        
        Poor conditions lead to high rate of suicides
        
        Fiscal Problems
        
        Drain local revenues
        
        Lack of resources led to overcrowding and poor services
        
        Role of Jail
        
        Outgrown police administration
        
        Correctional officers work under sheriffs yet they have no interest in corrections
    - - Those awaiting trial
      - unconvicted, convicted
      - Those with punishments less than a year
      - Those with punishments up to five years
      - Low-income and poorly educated
    - - Prison
        
        An institution for the incarceration go people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies
      - Jail
        
        An instituion authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours
        
        used to detain undocumented immigrants
- - - - less violence in womens prisons
      - women show greater repsonsiveness to programs
      - violent offense gender difference
      - population is mixed in women's prisons unlike the classification by security level of male prisons
      - men tend to segregate themselves by race
      - men rarely intimate with their keepers which is opposite for women
  - - - programs proved to be successful
      - stray away from typically female occupations yet have certain needs
    - - less likely to have a medical staff or hospital facilities
      - more serious health problems but less resources
      - preventative care not given
        
        making diseases that could have been prevented more expensive to treat
    - - male officers, civilian employees
        
        sex cannot be considered consensual
    - - often times sole caretakers
        
        may go to relatives
        
        foster care
      - children with incarcerated mothers are more likely to come in contact with the CJS and be convicted of a crime as adults
      - few womens prison so may be transported far from family
      - some programs in place to help keep the connection between mothers and their children
        
        different at every place
  - - - act as a unit rather than joining the subculture
      - help relieve tension of prison life
    - - higher levels of mistrust
      - greater economic manipulation
    - - gets into trouble and is involved with conflict
- - - - Due process rights require a prompt, informal, two-stage inquiry handled by an impartial hearing officer before parole may be revoked. Parolee may present relevant witnesses and information
    - - Before probation can be revoked a two-stage hearing must be held and the offender must be provided with specific elements of due process
      - Requested counsel is on a case-to-case basis
  - - - Unlawful Search and Seizures
        
        Necessity for security reasons
        
        intake
        
        Cannot intend to humiliate or degrade
        
        Hudson v. Palmer
    - - Cruel and Unusual Punishment
        
        Conditions of the prison is the issue
        
        Brutality
        
        Totality of conditions
    - - Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, and assembly
      - Religion was a big issue
        
        Dietary concerns
        
        Beard
        
        RLUIPA
        
        RFRA
      - Connecting with people outside
        
        Cannot mail other inmates in other facilities
    - - Due Process in prison discipline
        
        Wolff v McDonnell
        
        Basic procedural rights must be present when decisions are made about disciplining of inmates for serious issues
      - Equal Protection
        
        Racial discrimination cannot be official policy
    - - Prisoners are entitled to the protection of the civil rights act of 1871 and may challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement
    - - Correctional Officers have advocated for them
      - Legal assistance and law libraries
      - Living conditions
      - Administrative practices
    - - Judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions
  - - - Set procedures for hiring, promoting, assigning, disciplining, and firing public employees
      - Employees protected by congress from discrimination of race, gender, national origin, and religion
        
        Changed fcae of correctional officer
    - - Individuals and their agencies can be sued if their customs and usages disregard civil rights
        
        Policies / training
- - - - Inmates can buy things they need
      - use money they make, had, or is sent to them
      - buy things they need to satisfy basic needs
    - - inmates run stores for goos prisoners are not allowed to have in exchange for other things
      - trade occurs
      - no real money
      - can lead to violence when things go wrong
      - participation in economy can lead to greater opportunity for victimization
      - use cigarettes among other things as currency
  - - - take advantage of programs and resources to improve chance of success after they get out
    - - seek power and influence in the prison community
      - cut themselves off from the outside world
    - - time viewed as break from criminal careers
      - comfort over suffering
      - live by inmate code avoid trouble
    - - cannot develop any of the other three orientations
      - manipulated easily
      - find life in prison very difficult
  - - - toughness, etc
- - - - incapacitation
      - retribution
      - deterrence
    - - Order
      - Discipline
      - Security
  - - - treatment programs
      - treatment specialists
  - - - Offenders ties to community and family
- - - - low salaries
      - violent prisoners
      - crowded prisons
    - - but they need high integrity, empathy, and confidence
  - - - Defense of third persons
      - Upholding prison rules
      - Self defense
      - Prevention of a crime
      - Prevention of escpaes
- - - - More facilities do not help lower overcrowding issues
        
        new prisons helped to increased capacity of state prisons
    - - Many in prison for drug charges
        
        discrimination against African Americans exist
        
        Mandatory sentencing issues
    - - budget cuts may reduce
      - length of time reductions
    - - shifting to options other than incarceration
      - some states have higher crime rate and lower incarceration rate or vice versa
      - High incarceration rates do not mean lower crime rates
    - - billions of dollars paying off?
  - - - Caseloads of probation officers is increasingly growing
      - Budgets are not growing as much as probation is
    - - Most parolees cannot obtain assistance necessary to re-enter society
      - increased number of parolees are being returned to prison on violations of parole
- - - - seems low because states do not have mandatory testing
      - policies can be developed to prevent transmission of the disease
        
        medical care
        
        housing arrangements
    - - follow a revolving door homelessness to incarceration
      - do not get medications they need
      - officers dont know how to handle disturbed inmates
      - often commit suicide because of conditions and treatment
    - - geriatric prisons
      - medical needs
        
        more likely to develop chronic illnesses
        
        get better medical care than if they were to be discharged
      - security needs
    - - principles administration must follow for them:
        
        create opportunities for meaningful living
        
        help them maintain contact with the outside world
        
        maximize opportunities for them to choose their living situation
        
        often not a security risk
- - - - did help maintain order
      - play the middle-man between prisoners and officers
      - can cause influence on other prisoners
        
        get special privileges and then can bestow them on others of their choosing
    - - let go of little things in order to have compliance with the more important rules
      - officers need cooperation to look good to administration
      - inmates need cooperation from officers so they will look the other way on some things
      - Cannot become to close because officers may be manipulated
        
        sub-rosa relationship
        
        may be blackmailed into doing illegitimate things for offenders
    - - reward compliance with privileges
      - punish violators with removal of privledges
      - Deficiencies:
        
        many freedoms already taken so loss of privileges is not that big of a deal
    - - public expects prisons to be run humanely
      - ability to force compliance is limited
      - use of force disrupts order
- - - - community service
        
        require the offender to perform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community
        
        sentences state the kind of service and the number of hours
        
        depends on the offender
      - day-reporting centers
        
        a community correctional center to which the offender must report each day to carry out elements of the sentence
        
        most incorporate multiple correctional methods
        
        evidence that recidivism rates can be reduced
        
        applicants screened so they may be low-risk
      - Home confinement
        
        offenders must remain at home during specific periods of time
        
        some offenders are allowed to go to places of employment, education, or treatment
        
        gov does not have to provide offender with necessities
        
        electronic monitoring
        
        contains some legal, technical, and correctional issues
        
        monitoring could be a breach of reasonable search and seizure
        
        some crimes can be committed while the offender is at home
        
        effective?
      - intensive supervision probation (ISP)
        
        types of programs
        
        Probation diversion
        
        intensive survelience for offenders too risky for regular probation
        
        instittutional diversion
        
        low-risk offenders already sentenced to prison
        
        provides supervision for them in the community
        
        offenders have incentives to obey rules
        
        each officer only has 20 cases
        
        have higher failure rate than other programs because of close supervision
        
        many offenders would rather go to prison
    - - Boot camps
        
        shock incarceration - young offenders can be "shocked' out of their criminal ways
        
        often followed by probation
        
        meant to develop discipline and respect for authority
        
        could enhance criminal career because of physicality
    - - Forfeiture
        
        government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity
        
        controversial
        
        violation of constitutional rights
        
        ownership of seized property is often unclear
        
        money from it often goes into CJS budgets
      - Restitution
        
        repayment by an offender to a victim who has suffered some form of financial loss from the crime
        
        sanction harder on poor people
        
        more easily imposed when the damage done can be easily measured
      - Fines
        
        judges make little use of fines as sole punishment
        
        use in conjunction with other sanctions
        
        difficulty collecting pushes judges away from fines
        
        day fines
  - - - stronger nets
      - wider nets
      - different nets