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PARASITIC PROTOZOANS: BLOOD-DWELLING PROTOZOA (Plasmodium (Plasmodium sp.,…
PARASITIC PROTOZOANS: BLOOD-DWELLING PROTOZOA
Leishmania
Morphology
Haemoflagellates
Need 2 hosts (digenetic/heteroxenous)
Live in
Blood and tissue of human
Gut of insect vectors
Morphological types
Epimastigote
Promastigote
Amastigote (L-D bodies
Tryposmastigote
Leishmania
spp.
Live in macrophages (phagolysosomes) of host - kill invading organism
Species
L. donovani
L. tropica
L. braziliensis
L. mexicana
Disease - Leishmaniasis (vector-borne)
Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
Kala-azar/Black Fever/dumdum fever
L. donovani
complex
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
Oriental Sore
L. tropica complex
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL)
Espundia
L. braziliensis
Host & Range
Host - humans, dogs, rodents
Vector - Sandfly
Phlebotomus
spp. &
Lutzomyia
spp.
Life Cycle
Refer notes
Trypanosoma
African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)
Example
T. brucei
T. b. rhodesiense
T. b. gambiense
T. b. brucei
Characteristics
Definitive host : humans, game and domestic animals
Intermediate host - Tsetste fly
Transmission
Bite of vector tsetse fly
Infective stage : Trypomastigote
Morphology
Slender form
Cannot differentiated morphologically & serologically
Pathogenicity & Clinical Aspects
Parasite of connective tissue
Loss conciousness
Meningoencephalitis
Fever, headache, metal dullness, sleepiness, etc
Life Cycle
Refer notes
Prevention & Control
Prophylactic measures
Control of vectors
Control of wild game or ruminants
Treatment
Drugs - Chemotherapy
South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease)
Characteristics
T. cruzi
Definitive host : Humans
Intermediate host/vector : Reduviid bugs
Transmission
Faecal contamination of vector
Morphology
Trypomastigote
blood
Not multiply
Amastigote
Muscular, nervous tissue,reticuloendothelial
Multiply
Life cycle
Refer notes
Pathogenicity & Clinical Aspect
Parasite of muscular, nervous tissue, RES
Chagoma
Romana's sign
Prevention & Control
Prophylactic measures
Control & eliminate vectors
Provision of better housing
Ptrotection against bug bite
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Toxoplasma
T. gondii
Sporozoan parasite
Disease : Toxoplasmosis
Host & Range
Definitive host : cat
Intermediate host : human, mammal, birds
Distribution
Cosmpolitan
Human infection : Asymptomatic
2 forms
Congenital
Acquired
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cyst
Oocyst
Life Cycle
Refer notes
Prevention & Control
Prophylactic Measures
Proper cooking of meat
Proper washing of hands before meals
Pregnant woman - avoid cats
Treatment
Combination of drugs
Plasmodium
Morphology
Trophozoite
Schizont
Gametocyte
Clinical Features
Febrile paroxysms
Cold stage
Hot stage
Sweating stage
Anemia -
P. falciparum
Splenomegaly
Life Cycle
Refer notes
Characteristic: Malaria Fever
Vivax malaria (benign tertian malaria)
Falciparum malaria (malignant tertian malaria)
Malariae malaria (quartan malaria)
Ovale tertian malaria
Vector
Anopheles
sp.
Recurrences: Malaria
Recrudescence
Relapse
Distribution
Tropical zone : all malarial parasites
Subtropical :
P. malariae
Temperate :
P. vivax
East & West Africa :
P. ovale
Complications:
P. falciparum
Infection
Pernicious malaria (malignant)
Black water fever
Plasmodium
sp.
P. vivax
P. falciparum
:warning:
P. malariae
P. ovale
P. knowlesi
Vector Control
Prophylactic Measures
Personal
Protect against mosquito bite
Chemoprophylaxis
Community
Treatment of carriers
Anti-mosquito measures
Anti-larval measures
Vaccine preparation
Treatment
Chloroquine
Primaquine
Malaria
Parasitic infectious disease