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BLOOD-DWELLING PROTOZOA (Toxoplasma gondii (PREVENTION AND CONTROL…

- - - - Transmitted by sandflies - Phlebotomus
      - 2 stages
        
        Amastigote form
        
        resides in large mononuclear cells of skin
        
        Promastigote form
        
        found in sandfly
      - Species - L.tropica
      - Oriental sore
    - - L.braziliensis
      - Dogs- reservoir hosts
      - known as espundia
      - Lutzomyia wellcomei - important vector
      - severely disfiguring disease
    - - Rural areas of warm and tropical countries
      - Dogs and rats = principal reservoirs
      - Kala-azar (dumdum fever)
        
        first observed in dumdum by Sir William
      - Vectors = Phlebotomus , Lutzomyia
      - Female sandflies are involved in transmission
      - PATHOGENESIS
        
        Infects internal organ (liver, spleen, bone, marrow)
        
        Begins with low-grade fever, anemia, splenomegaly & hepatomegaly
        
        Skin becomes dry, rough and darkly pigmented
        
        a disease of reticuloendothelial system (RES)
      - DIAGNOSIS
        
        Blood, Spleen, bone marrow biopsy
        
        Serological tests
      - PREVENTION AND CONTROL
        
        Parasite - treatment of all cases
        
        Vector- eradication of sandlfy
        
        Drugs - pentavalent antimony compounds
        
        Anti sandfly
        
        use of mosquito net/screen
        
        avoiding ground floor (sleeping purpose)
        
        periodic fumigation of sleeping quarters
        
        understanding biologies of sandflies
- - - - proper cooking meat
      - pregnant woman avoiding cats
    - - drugs (sulphadiazine & pyrimethamine)
  - - - definite host : cats
- - - - Prophylatic measures
        
        control of vectors-tsetse fly
        
        control of wild game/ruminants
      - Treatment
        
        Drugs-chemotherapy
    - - Parasite of connective tissue
      - Invades regional lymph nodes
      - Characterized by fever, headache, mental dullness, sleepiness, weight loss
      - involvement of CNS results into meningoencephalitis leading to classical sleeping sickness
    - - Bite of vector tsetse fly
      - infective form (trypomastigote) poliferates at site of inculation - lymphatics-bloodstream
    - - Slender form
      - Difference among the two species based mainly on the hosts
    - - as trypomastigote
        
        intermediate host (tsetse fly)
  - - - Through faecal contamination of vector
      - Vector's faeces - wound
      - Vectors habitually defecate during process of feeding.
      - Entry of parasites through skin.
    - - Trypomastigote (form in blood)
        
        do not multiply in humans
      - Amastigote (muscular, nervous tissue & cells of RES)
        
        multiplying stage
    - - Attacks myocardium, skeletal muscle, neurological cells and cells of RES.
      - Chagoma- localized swelling in skin of entry
      - Parasite of muscular, nervous tissue & cells of RES
      - Romana's sign - oedematous swelling of eyelids
      - Chaga's disease
        
        acute leading to fatal myocarditis & meningoencephalitis
        
        Chronic- disturbance of cardiac rhythm, paralysis
    - - Prophylatic measures
        
        Control of elimination of vector-bugs
        
        Provision of better housing-impermeable to bugs
        
        Protection against bug bite
      - Treatment
        
        Chemotherapy - no effective treatment is available