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The Establishment of the Nazi Dictatorship and its Domestic Policies 1933…

- - - - A law of 31 March 1933 dissolved regional parliaments and reformed them with majorities, allowing Nazi domination
      - A law of 7 April 1933 created Reich Governors who were often local party Gauleteirs with full powers.
      - In January 1934 regional state parliaments were abolished. Govts. from all the states were subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. Governors only existed to execute the will of the Nazi leadership in the Reich
  - - - Communists outlawed since Reichstag Fire
      - After destruction of Trade Unions, assets of Social Democrats seized and then banned on 22 June
      - Most of major remaining parties agreed to dissolve themselves in late June 1933. Even the Nationalists (previous coalition partners) obligingly accepted
      - Catholic Centre Party (ZP who helped pass Enabling Act) gave up struggle and agreed on 5 July 1933
- - - - Still rival power systems which overlapped: central govt (with ministries and civil services), the SS and the Nazi party
      - This limited Hitler's role
        
        No all-embracing constitution in Third Reich. Government and law appeared in a manner that had no organisation
        
        In practice, no individual could control all areas of govt
        
        Hitler relied on subordinates to put his will into practice
        
        Hitler's personality and lifestyle involved long sleeping hours and absences from Berlin
- - - - Goebbels put radio under Nazi control, created Reich Radio Company. Only 25% had radios, government produced the cheap People's Receiver. 1939 70% had radios
      - No escaping Nazi messages. Loudspeakers in factories, cafes and offices, 'Radio Wardens' co-ordinated listening. Goebbels knew too much propaganda was boring so 2/3s were songs
    - - Tradition of independent newspapers. Goebbels closed down socialist and communist ones, others under control of the Reich Press Chamber. The Editors Law 1933 made sure Nazi views were reported, editors punished if defied.
      - Daily press conference at Propaganda Ministry gave guidance on what to write. News agencies put under Nazi control to put forward pro-Nazi views
    - - Wanted it to uphold Nazi values. Exercised strict control. Theatres and plays had to have licenses and had police supervision. Banned experimental plays and music
      - In music, some classics were censored; jazz forbidden as it was 'degenerate'; Jewish music forbidden while Jewish conductors and musicians were dismissed
    - - Writers must be positive about Nazism. Approved themes like early Nazism, war and expansion. The Reich Chamber of Literature listed banned books. Libraries and bookshops were raided and banned books burned at rallies
      - Modernist art banned, modern paintings removed from galleries. Acceptable art was German countryside and German warriors
    - - The Reich Film Chamber was established and everyone in the film industry had to join. Few political films but the Weekly Review had political information and had to be included in all film programmes
    - - Used to unite societies, strengthen the regime, win popularity and glorify Nazi past. Created the Heil Hitler greeting; Horst Wessel anthem (Nazi party anthem); uniforms and public festivals to celebrate Nazi past (seizure of power, party foundation, Hitler's birthday and the Munich Putsch
- - - - Prisons where regime opponents questioned and tortured. Also re-educated. Campaign against commies and socialists.
    - - Camps focused on asocials (didn't conform to social norms aka drug users, prostitutes, non-workers), criminals and homosexuals
    - - Any who did not fit in with volksgemeinschaft imprisoned (beggars, gypsies, and long-term unemployed)
    - - Regular prisoners and foreign workers transferred for labour. Camps subsequently became extermination camps
      - September 1939: 25,000 prisoners. December 1942: 88,000 prisoners. January 1945 714,211 prisoners
- - - - Policy of public investment, largely by the state which spent heavily. Resulted in deficit financing policy (government funding spending by borrowing money)
      - Set interest rates low, rescheduled local authority debts, gave assistance to farmers and small business and introduced public works such as public buildings, motorways, land reclamation and reforestation
      - Government spending rose 70% from 1933-36. Unemployment fell. Fears of inflation did not materialise. Balance of trade deficit (importing more than exporting) occurred, meaning they were short of money
  - - - Giving govt control over all trade, tariffs, capital and currency exchange
      - Govt decide what imports allowed, priority to industry
      - Bilateral treaties signed, especially with south-east Europe.
      - Germany bought goods on the condition that the Reichsmark were used to buy German goods.
      - Government money bill / credit not introduced mefo bills
  - - - Increase agricultural production
      - Increase raw material production
      - Develop ersatz (substitute) products
      - Control labour force to prevent inflation
      - Regulate imports/exports in favour of rearmament at agricultures expense
- - - - Schools centralised under Reich Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
      - 'Unreliables'removed from teaching (the people who's support for Nazism was questionable)
      - Courses organised for non-Nazi teachers (teachers who did not know all the beliefs)
      - Head Teachers had to be Nazi Party members.
      - A National Socialist Teachers League established
      - Curriculum change
        
        More time to PE, strength and fitness essential for soldiers. Increased emphasis on German and History, this emphasised nationalism and heroism.
        
        Biology reinforced Nazi racial genetics. Religious Studies dropped as Christianity seen as unimportant
        
        Schools created to make Nazi Elite
        
        The Napolas: state boarding school run by SS
        
        Adolf Hitler schools run by Hitler Youth
        
        Ordensburgen: designed to produce for Hitler's future society
    - - Few new schools
      - Anti-academic ethos resulted in falling standards, causing resentment and professional classes chose to send their children to grammar schools, not Nazi schools.
      - Numbers joining teaching declined, many disapproved with Nazi ideology
  - - - Boys emphasised the soldier role. Girls emphasised the mother and wife role. Boys and girls had political indoctrination. German patriotism and Hitler's achievements emphasised. When war broke out, youth helped with the harvest and had increased military training.
    - - Poorer backgrounds enjoyed the activities. Hitler Youth lost appeal when it was made compulsory and military had increased emphasis. Groups like the Edelweiss Pirates and the Swing Youth rebelled against the Hitler Youth socially and morally
- - - - 1935, banned from marrying Germans
      - 1938, 'Decree for the Struggle against the Gypsy Plague' issued. Gypsies registered to ensure racial separation
      - 1939, 30,000 gypsies deported to special sites in Poland
  - - - 1 April 1933: Boycott of Jewish shops, not widely accepted
      - 7 April 1933: Law of Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, excluding Jews from the civil service.
      - 1935 Nuremburg Race Laws: Jews lost citizenship, marriage between Jews and Germans forbidden
      - 1938: Jewish doctors could not practise
      - 1938: Polish Jews expelled
      - 1938: Jews excluded from schools and universities
      - 1938: Compulsory closure and sale of Jewish business
    - - 1934-1938, violence localised and sporadic. March 1938, attacks on 200,000 Jews in Vienna. 9-10 October, a co-ordinated campaign across Germany, Kristallnacht ('Night of the Broken Glass') was launched. Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues attacked and 100 Jews killed
    - - 1938, Central Office for Jewish Immigration in Vienna established under Adolf Eichmann to force Jewish emigration. Followed by Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration in 1939, half the Jews left before the war but were later rounded up when the Nazis expanded across Europe.