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Developing World Midterm (Democracy & Development (Authoritarianism…

- - - - Consumption
      - Income Spending
      - Government Spending
      - Net Exports
  - - - Health
        
        Life Expectancy
      - Education
        
        Went from literacy to years of schooling
      - Economic well being
        
        GNI Per Capita
        
        Value produced by citizens of a country
        
        EX: Ford Plant in mexico does not count
- - - - Complex causal process or rare events
        
        Assassination (rare events)
        
        Slavery (complex)
      - Need variation in outcomes (yes/no)
        
        Neighboring countries/regions
        
        Two different periods of time
        
        This factor was present/not present
    - - Questions on lifestyle, meaning, subjectivity
        
        High key ambigious
      - Are island nations more patriotic?
    - - Relationships between measurable, coded factors
      - Does corruption lead to development?
      - correlation not causation
    - - Find out individual attitudes about things
    - - Pinpoint causality when you can manipulate candidates
- - - - Geography determines capacity of people
        
        Heat makes the black man lazy
      - Mesopotamia (Dominant Culture) able to go into Europe
    - - Hella dominant cultures
        
        Nile Valley
        
        Yangzei
        
        Ganges
        
        Europe won though
      - Dumb luck decides winner and losers
        
        Right Climate
        
        Agriculture
        
        Domestication
        
        Need animals that
        
        Vegetarian
        
        Docile
        
        Have sex in front of you
        
        Grows fast
        
        Not Panicky
        
        Social Structure
        
        Gives
        
        Meat
        
        Bones & Fur
        
        Transportation
        
        Dieseases
        
        Leads to
        
        Specialized labor
        
        Population Growth
        
        Market
        
        1 more item...
        
        Right Geographical Placement
        
        East/West Spread of Crops
        
        Few Natural Barriers
        
        Plants and animals can get through
        
        Few harsh, unknown dieseaes
        
        Leads to
        
        Conquest
- - - - < Colonial Institutions
        
        < Current Institutions
        
        Current Development
    - - Extractive
        
        "people came here for wealth"
        
        Has Monocrop economy
        
        Vulnerable to price changes → price shocks
        
        Has Arbitrary Borders
        
        Pack different ethnic groups in one area
        
        More diversity but increases conflict when colonial institution leaves
        
        Gives perceptions of inferiority
        
        Inefficient Predatory institutions
      - Settler
        
        "people came here to live"
        
        Non-tropical, not a lot of diesease
        
        Same climate, easier to grow food
        
        Gives property rights
        
        Easier to invest
        
        Countries grow wealthier
  - - - Everyone benefits
    - - No quantity
    - - Private market underprovides public goods
  - - - A small group is easy to organize through voluntary agreement
        
        Together produces more than they could alone
      - Large groups can't voluntarily organize
        
        In 100-strong group, one person gets only 1/100th of the surplus but bears the entire cost
        
        Why didn't humanity go into complete anarchy then
        
        Violence
    - - Roving Bandits
        
        Take absolutely everything then leave
      - Stationary Bandits
        
        Tax heavily in a territory
        
        People preferred this over Roving
        
        Gave incentive to produce
    - - Gives public goods to its citizens
        
        Can get more tax due to boost in productivity
      - Takes as much tax as possible
    - - Ruler gets overthrown
        
        More profitable to become an autocrat but can't
        
        Other people have as much power as you
        
        Power sharing agreement leads to democracy
      - Advantages
        
        Long term view
        
        Better for productivity to tax 50% and leave the rest to populace than to tax 100%
  - - - Columbia drug cartels in 1990s
      - More ideal than anarchy
    - - Taxes support public goods
      - Common rules and regulations
      - Lower risk
      - Easier to do transactions
    - - Hard to join formal
- - - - Free trade for investment
      - Productivity has much more room for growth
    - - Skipping steps in technological developments that other countries did
  - - - Core countries buy them, make them into products, sell them back at a higher price
        
        Permanent loss
    - - High tariffs on imports
      - Devalue currency to favor exports & depress imports
      - Industrialize hella quick to produce goods with the goal of being able to compete on the global market
      - Negatives: Can force population to buy more expensive domestic goods
        
        Not economically efficient
  - - - Political Freedoms
      - Economic Facilities
      - Social Opportunities
      - Transparency Guarantee
      - Protective Security
  - - - Landlocked by bad neighbors
      - Resource Curse
      - Bad governancy
      - Conflict
- - - - Malaria
        
        Absenteeism
        
        Lower Productivity
        
        Savings Reduced
        
        Death
    - - Unpredictable Rains
      - High Temperatures
      - Pests don't die (no freezing)
  - - - Dependent on neighbors
    - - Landlocked GDP = 1/2 Coastal GDP
      - Landlocked Life Expectancy: 5 years lower
  - - - Unnatural borders lack legitimacy inside and out
        
        As populations shift, pressures on unnatural boundaries increases
- - - - Thin Definition: Either a democracy or not a democracy
        
        Electoral Democracy, Przeworski
        
        Four necessary Conditions for Regime with competitive democratic elections
        
        Legislative freely elected
        
        Executive freely elected
        
        Two party
        
        Succession
      - Thick Definition: Continuous Scale of Democracy
        
        Freedom House
        
        Freely contested elections for top government officials
        
        Near-universal suffrage
        
        Civil Liberties
        
        Civilian Control of Military
        
        Polity IV
        
        Democracy to Anocracy to Authocracy
  - - - Religious leaders above political leaders
    - - State in between democracy & autocracy
    - - Strict obedience to the state
        
        Types
        
        Single Party Rule
        
        Personality Dictatorship
        
        Military Regimes
        
        Monarcy
  - - - Increase in wealth enables preconditions
        
        Literate
        
        Middle Class
        
        Cosmopolitan Ideals
        
        Strong civil socities
      - Preconditions leads to demands from people
        
        Leads to democracy
    - - Democracy happens
        
        Government needs to respond to peeps
        
        Needs to be
        
        Openess
        
        Accountability
        
        Change
        
        Checks and balances
        
        Leads to confidence in investors
        
        Wealth
    - - Preworski et al (hey again)
      - Regimes can end
        
        Not related to democracy or wealth
      - Poor country ends can change to
        
        Democracy
        
        Dictatorship
      - Wealthy dictator ends can change to
        
        Democracy
        
        New dictatorships
        
        Norm of dictatorship vs modernization theory
      - Wealthy democracy can only lead to new democracy
        
        Strong institutions emerge and remain
        
        $6k GDP per capita
  - - - Three gorges dam
    - - High skill labor force
  - - - Incumbent abuse of the state generates disparities to access in the above
        
        Rarely emerge naturally, usually rooted in illicit or autocratic behavior
        
        Can happen in democracy as well, the difference is that there's at least democracy
- - - - Institutionalist
        
        Laws shape culture
      - Culturalist
        
        Culture (norms) leads to laws
        
        Protestant Work Ethic
        
        Places where protestant settled are more developed
        
        Protestantism: Work to praise god
        
        Work: economic gain
        
        Economic Gain: institutions to encourage pursuits
        
        Development
        
        Confucian Values
        
        Asian values focus on education, family, order, work
        
        Long term Asian advantage
        
        Western Values focus on individualism & consumption
        
        General Culturalist Issues
        
        Cultures are not static
        
        Which aspect of culture drives development
        
        Is this racist?
    - - Old: Cultures are fixed, compare to west
      - New: Cultures change
  - - - Based on shared cultural and religious norms
    - - Islam
      - China
    - - Hey there geography
- - - - Arab Culture
        
        That one article that said that poor muglim countries that are not arab are more lit with democracy than regular poor countries
        
        Tribalism
      - Oil
        
        Dependence on Oil for profit leads to
        
        Less women in workforce
        
        Patriarchal Society
  - - - Development Increases
        
        Because science explains rational thought, less reliance on supernatural
        
        Religion Decreases
    - - Secularization is happening but the poor continue to be religious
        
        They face existential insecurity
        
        Religion as a coping mexhanism
  - - - Development decreases religious practice
        
        Education increases
        
        Social network not dependent on religion
        
        Value of time increases
        
        Urbanization increases
        
        Other things to do
        
        Life expectancy increases
        
        People stop being religious at 25 & become religious again in the last 10 years of their lives
        
        Less time being religous
- - - - Diversity -> Leaders favor ethnic groups -> Inefficient resource division -> Shit development
      - Primary education in the Congo
    - - Diversity -> less cooperation in politics & economics -> worse public goods provision -> weaker development
      - Kenya Harambees
      - How (wie)
        
        Multiple lanugages
        
        Weaker communication networks :warning:
        
        Less social sanctioning
        
        Don't know values
        
        You cheap boy
      - What can government do
        
        Develop strong national identity
        
        Federalism along culture lines
        
        Consociational Mechanisms
        
        Constraint on pure democracy to make sure all have representation
  - - - Ascriptive: born with/hard to change
    - - Built around language
    - - EthnoLinguistic Fractionalization (ELF)
        
        Probability that two people will be of a different ethnic group
        
        But some ethnic groups might not be politically relevant
  - - - Hella small ethnic groups
    - - Two or three different ethnic groups have equal amount of power
    - - One ethnic group over all