Fewer management positions so workers have fewer options for promotion

Managers have a wide span of control so it is more difficult to monitor the work of subordinates who may make costly mistakes

Communication takes longer as chains of command are longer

More management positions means the business has to pay higher salaries, increasing their costs. Businesses can cut costs through de-layering which is removing a level of management.

Fewer management roles which reduces the need for the business to pay high management salaries

easier for managers to delegate tasks as they have a wide span of control

more delegation to subordinates which gives employee more responsibility, therefore workers' motivation might increasea

more line managerial positions makes it easier to monitor subordinates' performance

more chance of promotion for subordinates, which can be motivating

Definition: Trade unions are organisations that represent the interests of employees within a workplace. They are normally a completely separate organisation to the business that the employees work for. The trade union exists to negotiate or bargain on behalf of the employees as a group.