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Fatty acid and lipid metabolism (Fatty Acid synthesis (Acetyl CoA transfer…
Fatty acid and lipid metabolism
Fatty Acid synthesis
Fatty acids synthesis begins, activation of acetyl CoA in 2-step reaction to malonyl CoA
The formation of malonyl CoA is the committed step in fatty acid synthesis
Reaction intermediates attach to acyl carrier protein
Acetyl CoA transfer to cytoplasm
The synthesis of palmitate requires 14 molecules of NADPH
Requires the cooperation of various metabolic pathways
Condensation and Reduction
Dehydration and another reduction
Desaturation of fatty acids requires a mixed-function oxidase
Citrate stimulates the carboxylase
Acetyl CoA carboxylase is regulated by hormones
Ethanol alters energy metabolism in the liver
Problem with increased NADH can cause inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid
Three stages
Activation of fatty acid
to move fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix
Acyl carnitine is shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Fatty acid oxidation into acetyl CoA
Oxidized to 2 carbon atoms for Acetyl CoA to release high energy electrons
Reactions in beta oxidation
Complete oxidation of palmitate yields 106 molecules of ATP
Lipolysis: Triacylglycerols are degraded to fatty acids and glycerol to release into the blood
Unsaturated fatty acids need an isomerase
Reductase degrades polyunsaturated fatty acids
Ketone bodies are another fuel source derived from fats, takes place in the liver's mitochondria
D-3-hydroxybutyrate can be used as fuel
Animals cannot change fatty acids to glucose
Phospholipid synthesis requires activated precursors
Synthesis from an activated diaglycerol
Synthesis from an activated alcohol
Sphingolipids are synthesized from ceramide
Phosphatidic acid phosphatase
Regulation of cholesterol synthesis
Lipoprotein transport through cholesterol and triacylglycerols throughout the organism
Low-density lipoproteins play a central role in cholesterol metabolism
Absence of LDL receptor leads to a familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
Cycling of LDL receptor is regulated
Cholesterol: a precursor of steroid hormones, bile salts and vitamin D
Steroid hormones are crucial signal molecules