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Metabolism of nitrogen-containing molecules (Urea cycle (Coupling NH4+ and…
Metabolism of nitrogen-containing molecules
Nucleotide biosynthesis
Pyrimidine ring is assembled and then attach to a ribose sugar
Carbamoyl phosphate reacts with the amino acid aspartate
First step : nitrogen removal
Aminotransferases
Amino acid degradation
Glutamate dehyfrogenase produces alpha-ketoglutarate
Peripheral tissues transport nitrogen to the liver
Ammonium ion converts to urea in terrestrial vertrebrates
Urea cycle
Coupling NH4+ and HCO3-
Add AMP
cleave Arginiosuccinate into argininie and fumarate
4.Enzyme arginase cleaves arginnine to yield urea and ornithine
Ornithine transport back to mitochondria for another urea cycle
Urea cycle linked to TCA
carbons of degraded amino acids emerge as major intermediates
Six amino acids are degraded to pyruvate
Aspartate and asparagine are degraded to oxaloacetate
Oxygenases are required for the degradation of aromatic amino acids
The nitrogen cycle
Nitrogenase complex fixes nitrogen
Reductase : high reducing power
Nitrogenase : reduce N2 to NH3
N2 + 8 electrons + 16ATP + 16 H2O --> <-- 2NH3 +H2 +16 ADP + 16 Pi
Ammonium ion is incorporated into an amino acid through glutamate and glutamine
Some amino acids can be made by simple transamination reactions
Serine, cysteine and glycine are formed from 3-phosphoglycerate
Formation of glycine, the side-chain methylene group of serine is transfered to tetrahydrofolate
S-Adenosylmethionine is the major donor of methyl group
High homocysteine levels correlate with vascular diseases
CTP is formed by the animation of UTP
Salvage pathway recycle pyrimidine bases
GTP is required for synthesis of AMP
ATP is required for synthsis of GMP
Purine bases can be recycled by salvage pathways
Ribonucleotides are reduced to deoxyribonucleotides
Thymidylate is formed by the methylation of deoxyuridylate