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PARASITIC PROTOZOAN : LUMEN-DWELLING (Entamoeba (Prevention & Control,…
PARASITIC PROTOZOAN : LUMEN-DWELLING
Entamoeba
E. histolytica
Diseases
Amebiosis/amebiasis/amebic dysentery
Founder
1875 - Losch - Russia (found in dysentery faeces)
Host
Human
Found in
Main - large intestine
Other internal organs (lung, liver, skin, brain)
Geographic Distribution & Importance
Cosmopolitan
Prevalence >30% tropical countries
Sanitation & Hygiene (contamination via fecal-oral route)
Life Cycle
Trophozoites (large intestine) - binary fission
Cyst formed and passed out with faeces (infective)
Excystation (small intestine)
Morphology
Trophozoites - capable of invading tissues :warning:
Pre-cyst
Metacyst
Cyst - Infective stage :explode:
Diagnosis & Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis
Observe clinical signs and symptoms
Find trophozoites or cysts in faeces
Cultivate trophozoites from faeces
Check antibodies (serology)
Clinical Aspects
Acute amoebic dysentery (diarrhoea-with blood, mucus, tenesmus)
Prevention & Control
Food hygiene
Fly control
Boiling/filtering/iodination (chlorination :red_cross:)
Proper water supply
Sewage disposal
Identification and treatment of carriers
Treating infected individuals
Host-Parasite Interaction
E. histolytica
(invasive or pathogenic amoeba)
Type of Amoeba
Intestinal
Pathogenic (
E. histolytica
)
Non- Pathogenic (
E. coli & E. hartmanni
)
Oral
Non-Pathogenic (
E. gingivalis
)
Giardia
G. lamblia
Founder
Leeuwenhock - 1681 - own stools
Disease
Giardiasis
Host
Human (definitive)
Characteristics
Flagella
Pseudopodia
Reproduction
Binary fission
Found in
Small intestine
Morphology
Trophozoite - attached to duodenal cells :warning:
Cyst - infective stage (at least 10 cysts) :explode:
Diagnosis & Clinical Aspects
Clinical Aspects
Diarrhoea - 5/6 explosive watery stools a day
Indefinite abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
Steatorrhoea - yellowish, greasy, excess fat
Malabsorption
Diagnosis
Observing clinical signs and symptoms
Find motile trophozoites in fresh fecal smear
Find cysts in faeces
Prevention & Control
Refer amoebiasis
Geographic Distribution & Importance
Cosmopolitan
Most common - U.S.
Outbreak - similar to E. histolytica (water contamination
Traveler's diarrhoea
Host-Parasite Interaction
Giardia
- upper portion of small intestine
Adhere to enterocytes, sink down into microvilli
Interference in absorption of nutrients from small intestine
Produces lectin with the influence of trypsin - trophozoite adherens
Fat emulsified or cannot be absorbed (Steatorrhoea)
Trichomonas
T. vaginalis
Reproduction
Binary fission
Disease
Trichomoniasis
Found in
Female
Vagina
Cervix
Male - carrier
Urinary tract
Epididymis
Prostate
Seminal vessicle
Host
Human (definitive)
Geographic Distribution & Importance
Cosmpolitan
U.S. - mosly sexually active woman
Co-exist with STDs (eg. syphilis or HIV)
Morphology
No cystic form :check:
Trophozoite - infective stage :explode:
Diagnosis & Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis
Vaginal/urethral discharge; prostate fluid
Observe trophozoites
Collected on cotton swab via vaginal speculum
Clinical Aspects
Vaginal discharge profuse with burn, itch, chaff
Co-factor - amplifying HIV transmission by 2x
Asymptomatic in males
Host-Parasite Interaction
Exclusively in women
Multiplies - inflammation of vagina epithelium
Type of
Trichomonas
Medical Significance
T. vaginalis
No Medical Significance
T. hominis
- large intestine
T. tenax
- mouth
Prevention & Control
Safe sex (e.g. condom)
Treatment for sexual partner - nitromedazole