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Epistemology (John Locke (1632-1704): . (One of the most famous…

- - - - Reflection alone can give us the idea of what perception is, and what perception is, every one will know better by reflecting on what he does himself, when he sees, hears, feels, or thinks.
- - - - The Influence of German Universities: Graduate programs were almost nonexistent in America before 1870, which attracted students to Germany. Further, German universities were secular, which attracted a broader educational philosophy than its U.S. counterparts. The German university system inspired the U.S. to adopt an elective system, graduate school, the Ph.D. degree, graduate seminars, lecture systems, the methodology of research, and the concept of academic freedom.
        
        CHAPTER 2: THE FIELD OF ENGLISH
        
        English at Harvard (1850-1875) Harvard broke new ground by requiring entrance examinations in English, which set a precedent; it looked for correct spelling, punctuation and expression, as well as legible handwriting.
        
        Instruction in Literature: One of the earliest courses in English Literature was actually for a school dedicated to training scientists, rather than for liberal education. From the mid-1870s, studies of literature took up a larger share in the curriculum of all colleges, from classical studies to the sciences.
        
        Organized Instruction in Speech: As a result of the decline of old literary and speaking societies on college campuses, credited classes in elocution began to appear, offering instruction on how to speak English with proper pronunciation and inflection.
        
        The Harvard Reports: Harvard's entrance requirements resulted in preparatory schools teaching to the test, as opposed to giving well-rounded English training.