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Convergence and divergence (World society (Meyer) (Elements of collective…
Convergence and divergence
World society
(Meyer)
worldwide models
shape structures/policies/nationstates
institutionalization of w.m (explains strucural isomorphism)
Cultural/associational processes
explain, global society is stateless
are rationalized, articulated, consensual
global scripts
Macrophenomenological
based on contemporary sociological institutionalism
Nation-state is culturally constructed and embedded
culture substantially organized in worldwide basis
not legally binding but
actors organie/legitimate themselves in terms of universalistic models (ex. citizenship, rationalized justice)
models pervasive at global level, high consensus
rest on claims to universal world applicability
Explanatory model( states
exogenously
constructed)
Rationalized world institutional and cultural order
Nation state system
#
#
organizations and associations
#
individual citizenship and human activities
Culturally constructed states
Isomorphism
in structures and policies leading to similar outcomes
Rational actorhood
fundamental and strongly legitimized unit of action
internal: constitution, formal statements, economic policy
external: recognizition, standardized plans
Decoupling
claims/policies inconsistent with reality
endemic: adoption of conlicting principles, internally inconsistent
different capabilities to adapt
peripheries have lot of national planning, no implementation
Expansive structuration
formation and spread of explicit, rationalized, differentiated organizational forms
exceed functional requirements of societyy\
W.S impact on states
Construction of identity and purpose
external recognition + sovereignty crucial for Western Model
UN: self-determination principle (used in anticolonial movements)
ways: trading, tourism, museums, national intellectual culture
legitimized identity system leads to survival of state + adoption of other institutions of moderniy (enactments of
conventionalized scripts
)
Systemic maintenance of actor identity
world society structures provide help
Legitimation of subnational actors and practices
managed form centra authority
identity-suppliers
respond to different needs and interest
Elements of collective W.S
Diffusion
among nation-states (Tocquevillian world): imitation and modeling. Problem of who to follow (previous world startification)
goals
of collective socio-economic and comprenhensive individual development
Organizational frame:
central world organizations which give advice, establish agendas, promote debate
Associations, social movements, NGOs
Universalistic knowledge
through science and formal professions- rational development
Sources of
dynamism
in world culture
from spiritualism to individualism
system of action: conflict, mobilization, change
no universal actor in control:
stateleness of world society
similar goals lead to competition
local variations become deviations---defense leads to ideological conflicts
struggle due to internal contradictions
Multiple levels of legitimated actorhood
ind.-states: via principlpes of citezenship
ind.- int.org.: via principlpes of human rights
The McDonalization of society
(Ritzer)
Fast food industry
makes people ask for that efficiency everywhere: GLOBAL CHANGE
shift from slower meals to rest, cafes, diners, fast food
Dehumanization of customers and employees
Minimal skills demand
company could obtain much more from employees
employees not fulfilled, cant be creative, high turnover
Higher education
examinations quicker and easier to correct
notes for students
premade material for teachers
Home cooking
need for efficiency in the kitchen: microwave oven
booming fast dieting industry
desintegration of the families
lower food quality
Shopping
shopping malls, amazon and drive thrus
Entertainment
change in film consumption: cinemas, rentals, netflix
package travelling tours
HOMOGENIZATION
decline in diversity, may lost characteristics when launching product global
expansion of franchises
desire of uniformity and predicatibility
glob: more comp: convergence to optimum (natural selction)
efficiency: choosing th optimum sol., defined by social setting, thus institutionalized
CRITIQUES
TO HOMOGENIZATION
(GUILLEN)
Locally dependent optima
Selective borrowing
glob- comp- incentive to pursue own optimum (ex. structurally/culturally)
Efficiency Optimum Assumption
TO DETERMINIST UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFUSSION OF WORLD SOCIETY SCRIPT (
Wimmer, Meyer, Rowen)
formal but not substantive homogenization
different implementations depending of nation
script can be resisted (centralized rule)
diff scripts can be contradictory
called:
heteromorphization
Other theories
Microrealism/neorealism
nation-state is natural, rational actor in anarchic world
state action reflects national interest
only local culture used
dense network of interdependence
functional: material supports dominance of powerful actors
Neoliberalism and regime theory
instutitional frameworks created by state constrains it
dense network of interdependence
institutions give durability
Macrorealism
(World-system theory and state-competition theory)
nation-state out of global system of ec/pol power, exchange and competition
culture is either the hegemonic ideology or a repressive false conciousness
no casual element
Microphenomelogical
nation-state product of national cultural and interpretive systems
inst. have important cultural character, but indirectly reflect world processes
cultural interpretation and purposive action shape each other
Hybrinization/ glocalization
competition as motivational force
sceptism over omnipotence of global scripts/values
emphasis on agency of local actors
less globalization in core norms/beliefs than in everyday culture
Survival of the fittest and the end of history (
Fukuyama
)