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Post Cold War (Was the unipolar international order created by US hegemony…

- - - - Economic might
      - Military might
    - - If stability is defined as there's no wars between states in this society, then it is fair to put it as being stable. However, it's problematic because apparently we still see proxy wars between non-state actors... It depends how you define stability.
- - - - Radically altered US behaviour on the world stage, ushering in a new set of international norms, rules and practice
- - - - It only includes superpowers, ignoring the influence of other states
    - - ASEAN's NRP is Non-intervention white EU's NRP is intervention at all cost. Hence, by saying that we are living in a unipolar world it is saying that all of us are living by one rule.
      - East Asia follows the rules of BOP and multipolarity because they are culturally different. NK will never work with SK. So the NRP in East Asia is all about mistrust ,distrust and insecurity
    - - NSA doesn't only include NATO, UN, ASEAN etc, it also includes Amnesty International, UNHCR, ISIS, Al-Qaeda
  - - - Since 1991, most of the states of Eastern Europe have allied themselves with the USA, not least by joining NATO and the EU
        
        Others, like Yugoslavia, descended into a series of bloody civil wars as each nation within the federation called for self-determination -
    - - the initial breakup of the multinational Soviet Union generated a series of complex challenges
        
        for most of the 1990s, it looked as if Russia was moving into the Western camp (i.e. USA and EU)
        
        with the election of President(then Prime Minister and then President again!!)Vladimir Putin, however, it became clear that that was not Russia’s intention
        
        while Putin has charted a different political course, this may not necessarily lead to a ‘new’ Cold War with the USA and the EU
        
        After-all, Russia’s economic interdependence with the global energy market makes complete isolation highly unlikely
        
        They need to engage with the rest of the world. Russia always wanted to invade the other parts of Europe.
      - the 3 Baltic republics - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - have anchored themselves within NATO and the EU and in doing so, they have shrunk the borders of Russia’s political authority
        
        Belarus and Kazakhstan chose to remain within Russia’s sphere of influence
        
        Ukraine and Georgia, on the other hand, straddle between the Russian and Western (Europe) spheres of influence - thereby becoming buffer states (states that exist between 2 rival international groups)
        
        this makes them vulnerable to international rivalry brought on by competition between the groups that border them
        
        this rivalry manifested militarily - as in Russia’s 2008 intervention in Georgia and 2014 intervention in Ukraine - or politically and economically
        
        it is interesting to note that the USSR’s multinational population meant that most of its constituent republics contained several important national groups
        
        the states that emerged out of the USSR do not conform to the model of the pure nation state (such as France), which sets the stage for civil conflicts as different national groups use self-determination as a legal weapon to oppose the state that rules them
        
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        The states that decolonised from Russia are not pure nation states, and therefore different nations within the same country wants to break away from the state that rules them?
        
        Just like what happened to Catalan and Spain are doing now
        
        Russians are an ethnic group by itself in Kazakhstan and Kazakhstani are the people majority in it #
        
        In Ukraine, there are more Russians than the Ukrainians #
        
        Ukraine tried to join NATO and EU, and led to Moscow Kremlin? Russian President Vladimir Putin warned that NATO membership would force Russia to treat Ukraine as an enemy. #
      - They were the first that left Soviet Union in 1991 and Russia is growing smaller and smaller #
- - - - despite these massive advantages, the USA was remarkably restrained in its use of power during the 1st decade after the end of the Cold War #
        
        1993 (2 years after the Cold War ended)
        
        but the USA was also criticised for their inaction - especially in the Rwanda genocide in 1994 #
        
        Bill Clinton felt that instead of doing just that, they would also focus on global governance - the UN
        
        the presidency of Bill Clinton (1993 - 2001) was one in which the USA generally world within the global governance organisations of the day (i.e United Nations)
        
        WHAT U.S. DID
        
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        After being criticised, US then realised that they had to do something with their power, and they started to get involved with stopping crimes against humanitarianism, HR abuses up till today. Everything began from 1994 Rwanda genocide
      - it avoided direct involvement in a number of regional crises around the world # #
      - The reason is because that they were suddenly given a lot of power and they didn't know what to do with it. The US always had an enemy and now that they have defeated the enemy. They became lost and confused. They had to find a new enemy