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Contemporary War (Case Studies (African Union (explicitly opposes actions…

- - - - One consequence is that putative nation states, that was once colonised, have been preserved by national decree
        
        Therefore, Collective identity will encourage the notion of enemies
        
        It becomes part of the reason why 'ethnic conflicts' are prevalent
  - - - Instead, they called IRA activists 'criminal'
      - President G Bush chose to talk about the 'war on terror' #
        
        This phrase lends US the activities in Iraq and Afghanistan an aura of credibility & importance
- - - - Old War
        
        they were regulated and linked to the formation and maintenance of states
      - New War
        
        they were unregulated & are fought to gain control of power & resources wherever they might be
        
        The states becomes one of the several resources to exploit
        
        wars that played such a major role in formation of modern Europe
        
        Wars fought between countries in Europe helped establish modern states, that option is usually closed in most places referred to as complex emergencies #
        
        it allocates status to violence (Organised Violence) #
        
        recognised that OV occurs outside on a large-scale in parts of the world
        
        However, it doesn't follow the rules, and that they are perhaps be called banditry, tribal raiding, criminal activity, human rights violations, low-intensity conflict, insecurity or oppression #
        
        However, Mary Kaldor named these activities (organised violence) as Wars. So does Duffield
    - - His starting point is wars in Africa
      - For him, it is more the international connections that are most new
    - - Refers Organised Violence to Complex Emergency #