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Bryophytes (Non-vascular Plants) (Why Move to Land (Lot of nutrients, Lots…
Bryophytes (Non-vascular Plants)
Intro to Land Plants
general overlap with charophytes (green algae)
unique flagellated sperm structure
Phragmoplast
found in green algae and land plants
unique structure of cell division
circular protein rings synthesize cellulose
general overlap with all aglae
cellulose in cell walls
photosynthesis
chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
Adaptations allowing move to land
Sporopollenin
prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
a layer of durable polymer
Derived Traits of Plants
multicellular, dependent embryos
flavonoids--> compounds that produces "sunscreen" as UV protection
alternation of generations
waxy cuticle on leaves--> prevents water loss
stomata pores--> open and close to let in and out gases
multicellular reproductive organs--> single non-motile gamete and many motile spores
Why Move to Land
Lot of nutrients
Lots of habitat (early on)
More Light
Low competition (at the time)
More CO2
General Life Cycle
Gametophyte
Dominant life stage
haploid multicellular organisms
undergoes meiosis to produce gametes from gametangia
anchored by delicate rhizoids
FERTILIZTION
Formation of a diploid zygote
one opportunity for gene flow in life cycle
MEIOSIS
creates haploid spores
Mitosis
Zygote undergoes mitosis
goes back to being a sporophyte (start cycle over)
Sporophyte
Multicellular organisms
Diploid phase
make-up
Seta: sends nutrient to sporangium
capsule: produces spores by meiosis
foot: absorbs nutrients
cannot live independently
Characteristics
Gametangia can be male/female/bisexual
Gametophyte dominant life cycle
Sperm needs to travel through water
Non-Vascular
limits height and size
no roots--> rhizoids
no specialized cells to transport water
Ecology
Capacity to store water helps other organisms
creates habitat for invertibrates
creates water environment for sexual reproduction
Very tolerant of cold or hot environments
partly due to resistance in gametophyte stage
often live where other plants do/can not
Sphagnum death--> Peat
Harvested for fuel
lack of oxygen in layers prevents decomposition
Tollund man (375-210 BCE)
can be used to preserve tissue
30% of worlds stored carbon (huge carbon sink)
has antibiotic properties
Photosynthesizers
fix carbon
produce oxygen