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Logging in Tropical Rain-forest Biome (To make space for (Open CastMining,…
Logging in Tropical Rain-forest Biome
Native forests of Brazil occupy 98% of country's forests
Planted forests occupy 6.6 million hectares
600,000 km² of Amazon forests decimated
2012; 5.4million km², 87% of Amazon's original state
Past 40 years, 20% cut down
40 hectares every day & night
To make space for
Urbanisation&Transport
Trans-Amazonian Highway
Agriculture
Cash crops help the Brazilian Government repay international debt
Coffee
Cocoa beans
Soya beans
Brazil 2nd largest producer in world behind USA
Grown in huge fazendas, once forested land
70%-80% of deforested area used for CATTLE RANCHING
Brazil 2nd largest producer&exporter of beef in world (15%), USA top
Effects
Loss of ecosystems
ABANDONMENT OF LAND; Cheaper to cut down forestry & open up new pastures than spending money on fertiliser
Soil erosion&infertility
Dams/HEP
75% of Brazil's electricity
48 new dams planned for 2020, 18 on rivers in Amazon Basin
Effects
Flooding of rainforest affecting ecosystems
Displacement of indigenous people
Release of CO2 & Methane
Open CastMining
Deposits of gold, silver, copper, tin, iron ore & bauxite
1980s Gold Rush in Para state led to 250,000 moving to area & damaging rain-forest through deforestation&pollution
Use of Mercury&Cyanide leads to pollution of land&rivers, affecting fish, animals & humans up the food chain
Carajas mine produced 300 million tonnes of iron ore in 2014, estimated to contain 18 billion tonnes in total
Blast Furnaces
Carajas region home to 50 blast furnaces, which produce pig iron from iron ore, the main ingredient for steel
cut&burn the rainforest for charcoal, cheaper than coal/coke
Effects
Major air pollution of carbon dioxide & sulphur dioxide
3/4 of the regions trees have been lost
illegally entering indigenous lands & conservation areas
Requires permit & formal management plan
Employs 204,000
66,000 directly in processing&logging
137,000 indirectly
Total Revenue estimated at $3 billion
Issues
25% of pharmaceutical ingredients sourced in forests
e.g Aspirin&Curare
Soil Erosion&Infertility
Nutrient cycle lost; no source of humus for O Horizon
Heavy convectional rain leaches soil
Infertile
Unprotected topsoil; mudflows&soil erosion
Climate Change
Amazon absorbs 20% of carbon released from burning of fossil fuels
Major retainer of CO2; convert it to O2
Estimated 20%of all CO2 emissions from deforestation
World population growing by 70 million per year; demand for
Paper
Building Materials
Valuable Hardwoods e.g Mahogany, Brazilian Nut
Conservation Efforts
Amazon Watch
non-profit organisation
protect the rainforest
rights of indigenous people
Rainforest Alliance
non-profit alliance
guide land intensive industries toward sustainability
partner with farmers, foresters, tourism, entrepreneurs, business, government
World Wildlife Foundation
protecting diversity
projects to stop deforestation & conserve wildlife
Rainforest Relief
non-profit organisation
reduce demand for rain-forest logging
persuade customers to stay away from buying tropical hard woods
Permanent Settlement
6 million local tribes in 1500s, 350,000 today
Yanomami tribe previously an isolated tribe depended on rain-forest to survive and are now under threat. Rights are being ignored & some have been murdered for trying to resist loggers&ranchers. Brazilian government refusing to recognise tribal land
Manaus
located at the confluence of the Amazon&Negro Rivers
Designated a growth pole & duty free zone by Brazilian government
Attracted car production, ship building and electronic industries & job seekers
Pop of 2.1 million