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Introduction to Population Health (Water Pollution (Consumption of Water…
Introduction to Population Health
Air Pollution
What is it?
Definition
Yassi et al (2001)
The result of emission into the air of hazardous substances at a rate that exceeds the capacity of natural processes in the atmosphere to convert, deposit or dilute them
Statistics (general)
World Health Organization (WHO) (2002)
Many more with restrictive respiratory conditions
i.e. asthma
estimates over 2.5 million people die from indoor and outdoor pollution a year
Pruss-Ustun & Corvalan (2006)
Developing countries suffer 1.5 million deaths from indoor pollution annually
Statistics (Australia)
Beer (2004)
Outdoor pollution
2400 deaths
an average of about 1 death an hour
Number increases if long-term effects of air toxics on cancer are included
Effects
Human Health effects
aggravating pre exiting conditions
Cancers
triggered by pollutants
Eye or nose irritation
Stress
Loss of wellness
Respiratory illness
Loss of amenity
Odour
Poor visibility
Dust
Residue deposits on surface
Damage to property
Acidic pollutants
Soot and other staining particles
Economic Impact
Reduce property values
Deter Businesses and residents
Reduced crop productivity
loss of tourism
Loss of productivity
Effect on environment
Death or injury of animals
Loss of biological variation
Excess nutrient loads in waterways
Loss of an ecosystem
acid rain
Management
Managed by government
National Environmental Protection Council
Uniform Air quality standards agreed to in 1998
Goals for long term management
Comprised of
Ministers from all states and territories
Commonwealth
The National Environment Protection Measure for Ambient Air Quality (Air NEPM)
Sets maximum levels for
Nitrogen dioxide
Photochemical oxidants
Sulfur dioxide
Lead
Other particles
Carbon monoxide
Common Wealth Government
Other prgrams that directly impact air pollution
National fuel quality standards
Motor Vehicle emissions standards
State level protected by environmental protection legislation
adopts from Air NEPM
Local Level
Protect air quality by banning backyard burning
Requires developers to minimise burning of land for clearing
Effective town planning to keep residential district separate from industrial
Reduce use of privately owned cars
enHealth Council
Use of Environmental Health Risk Assessment approach
Water Pollution
What is it?
Definition
Dr Lee John-wook (2004)
"... Once we can secure access to clan water and adequate sanitation facilities for all people, irrespective of the differences in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will have been won"
World Health Organization (1992)
Types of communicable disease from unsanitary water
Waterborne Diseases
Contamination by animal faeces or urine infected by pathogenic virus or bacteria
Directly transmitted when water is consumed or used
Water-washed diseases
Lack of safe water
Results in infrequent washing/inadequate hygiene results in disease/illness
Examples
Diarrhoeal duseases
Eye infections
Water-Based Disease
Water provides habitat for parasites, which can infect humaans
Example
Schistosomiasis
A worm carried by snails that lives in water
Water-Related Diseases
Water provides the habitat for vectors of diseases
Examples
Mosquito breeding
Malaria
Dengue fever
Water -Dispersed Infections
Infections can proliferate in water and enter the body through the respiratory tract
Example
Legionella spp
Management
National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS)
Sustaining Water usage through
Protecting
Enhancing Quality
Development of national guidelines
Cover issues around entire water cycle
Ambient water quality
Drinking water quality
Consumption of Water
Agriculture is biggest user (70%)
Manufacturing (3%)
Gas production (8%)
NHMRC (2004)
Water supplied to housing
Garden (35% average day/90% Hot day)
Drinking (1%)
Safe Food
Statistics
Hall et al 2005
4-7 million cases of gastero
Food science Australia & Minter Ellison 2002
Food bourn Illnesses
400,000 GP Visits
1.67 billion costs
18,000 Hospitalizations
Factors that influence Food safety
Centralisation and Globalization
Factors
Industrialized process
Food is produced by larger means
Less cost for items
Sold in multinational Supermarkets
Increased Variety
Increased chance of exposure of contamination
More chance of having national and international impacts
More pathogens (some drug resistant)
Larger divide between 1st & 3rd world
Food supply
Nutrition
Safety
increasing population size
New production technology's
Unknown long term effects
Increased pressure on food supply
Management
National Level Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)
Australia New Zealand Standards Code
General Food Standards
General food standards
Labelling
Contaminants
Residues
Whats allowed in food
Microbial requirements
Food production standards
Specific standards for food
e.g. meat eggs and special purpose food
Food Safety standards
four standards enforced by local government
Primary Production Standards
National standards for production and processing
The Built Environment
definition
Canada 1997
all human built areas
part of overall ecosystem of earth
Statistics
Developed countries
80% urbanized
90% Indoors