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Research methods Year 2 (Features of science (Theory constructing: Through…
Research methods Year 2
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Validity
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Internal validity: Whether effects observed in an experiment are due to manipulation of IV & not any other factor.
External validity: Generalising to other settings.
- Ecological validity: Extent to which findings can be generalised to another setting (particularly everyday).
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Assessment of validity
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Concurrent validity: Whether results from a particular test/scale are close to/match those obtained on another recognised & well established test.
Improving validity
Questionnaires:
- Use of lie scales to assess consistency of response & control social desirability bias.
Observations:
- Findings more authentic in covert studies.
Experimental research:
- Use of a control group.
- Standardised procedures.
- Single-blind & double-blind trials.
Qualitative methods:
- Depth & detail may increase validity.
- Further enhanced through triangulation - use of no. of sources as evidence.
Statistical test
Features of science
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Empirical methods: Scientific approached based on gathering of evidence through direct observation & experience.
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Paradigm: set of agreed assumptions & beliefs within a scientific discipline.
Paradigm shift: result of a scientific revolution.
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Reliability
Test-retest: Administering same test or questionnaire to same person on different occasions, results correlated to check its significance.
Inter-observer reliability: At least 2 observers apply behavioural categories to observation, results correlated to check for significance (agreement).
Improving reliability
Questionnaires:
- Test-retest
- Rewrite complex/ambiguous questions.
Interviews:
- Use same interviewer, or train all interviewers.
- Structured interviews more controlled.
- Avoid leading/ambiguous questions.
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Observations:
- Properly operationalised behavioural categories & doesn't overlap.
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