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Gender roles + division of labour (Division of labour (March of progress,…

- - - - Instrumental role - man = breadwinner $$$
      - Expressive role - woman = housewife, socialising children, emotional needs
      - :forbidden: Criticisms
        
        more women = wage earners more men = domestic tasks (Young and Willmott)
        
        division of labour = not natural, benefits men (Feminists)
    - - Symmetrical family = joint conjugal roles, equal
        
        Characteristics
        
        More leisure time together
        
        Women go out to work
        
        New man (men help with housework and childcare)
        
        Reasons
        
        changes in women's positions (work)
        
        geographical mobility
        
        new technology (labour saving devices eg. washing machine)
        
        higher standards of living
    - - women with full-time work = equal division of labour (home)
      - Sullivan :silhouette:
        
        women doing smaller share of domestic work
        
        more couples with equal division of labour, men doing women's tasks
    - - British Social Attitudes survey (2013) - less people think women = housework, man = paid work (1984 45%men 41% women thought this. 2012 13% men 12% women think this)
  - - - Findings
        
        no trend towards symmetry - only 15% husbands = housework
        only 25% husbands = childcare
        
        more likely to share childcare but only pleasurable aspects eg playing - mothers left with housework + no reward of childcare
        
        :forbidden: Criticisms
        
        Warde and Herrington :silhouettes: evidence of a slight change of attitude among younger men
        
        no longer assumed that women should do the housework - more likely to think they were doing less than their fair share
      - Methods
        
        Qualitative research - housewives in London (interviewing them)
    - - Boulton :silhouette: fathers may do domestic work BUT women have responsibility of childcare (fewer than 20% of husbands had a role in childcare)
        
        Ferri and Smith :silhouettes:
        
        fathers took responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families
        
        Dex and Ward :silhouettes:
        
        78% of father played with their 3 year olds but only 1% of father took the main responsibility for caring for a sick child
        
        Braun, Vincent and Ball :silhouettes:
        
        in 3/70 families studied fathers = main carer. most were 'background fathers' - relationship with partner > responsibility towards children
        
        'provider ideology' - breadwinners whilst mothers are carers (underpinned by ideas in the media about 'intensive mothering')
    - - Hochschild :silhouette: - 'emotion work' taking care of their own emotions + emotions of all family members
      - Duncombe and Marsden :silhouettes: women perform a 'triple shift' - housework, paid work, emotion work
  - - - patriarchal norms and values that shape gender roles in society - women are expected to do domestic work by society/ socialisation
        
        Gershuny :silhouette: - parents w equal relationship = couple more likely to share housework
        parental models
        social values changing (women work, men do domestic tasks)
        
        Man Yee Kan :silhouette: young men do more work - generational shift
        
        The British Social Attitudes Survey - less than 10% men agree with traditional division of labour, 30% of older men agree. long term change in norms, values and attitudes - change in gender role socialisation to equal relationships
        
        Dunne :silhouette: lesbian couples = more symmetrical relationships - absence of traditional heterosexual 'gender scripts'
    - - women = earn less than men so it's economically more rational for women to do housework and childcare while men work to earn money
        
        Kan :silhouette: for every $10,000 a year a woman earns, she does two hours less housework per week
        
        Arber and Ginn :silhouettes: m/c women = more likely to give in to commercially produced services eg, ready meals, childcare etc. rather than doing the labour-intensive work themselves.
        
        Ramos :silhouette: if mother = breadwinner, father does as much domestic work as she does
        
        Sullivan :silhouette: working full-time affects how much work each partner does
        
        :forbidden: Criticism
        
        women earn less than men Crompton :silhouette: - no immediate prospect of a more equal division of labour if this depends on economic equality of sexes