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Urinary Tract problem (Renal Failure (การรักษา (Hemodialysis สัปดาห์ละ 2-3…

- - - - Risk (R) - Increase in serum creatinine level X 1.5 or decrease in GFR by 25%, or UO < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours
      - Injury (I) - Increase in serum creatinine level X 2.0 or decrease in GFR by 50%, or UO < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 12 hours
      - Failure (F) - Increase in serum creatinine level X 3.0, decrease in GFR by 75%, or serum creatinine level ≥ 4 mg/dL with acute increase of >0.5 mg/dL; UO < 0.3 mL/kg/h for 24 hours, or anuria for 12 hours
      - Loss (L) - Persistent ARF, complete loss of kidney function >4 weeks
      - End-stage kidney disease (E) - Loss of kidney function >3 months
- - - - Renal dysfunction cased by glomerular disease or infection ทำให้เกิดการสูญเสียโปรตีนทางปัสสาวะมาก
        
        Primary cause of NS, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is associated with glomerular diseases intrinsic to the kidney and not related to systemic causes.
        
        Secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome include (1) autoimmune and vasculitic diseases, such as Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), systemic lupus erythematosus, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis; (2) infectious diseases, such as congenital syphilis, malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B and C; (3) malignancy; (4) environmental and drug exposure, such as heroin and mercury; and (5) systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, among many other causes (see Etiology).
      - Genetic Nephrotic syndrome may also be caused by genetic abnormalities. Infantile NS (presenting before age 3 mo) and congenital NS (presenting at age 4-12 mo) have been associated with defects in the nephrin gene (NPHS1), phospholipase C epsilon 1 gene (PLCE1), and the Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1).