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Ethnicity (Other interpretations (C14th - mid C19th (Ethnic (Pagan or…
Ethnicity
Other interpretations
C14th - mid C19th
Ethnic
Pagan or Heathen
Social group whose original language was not English
Traditions of a particular people
Political groups
Exotic
Foreign
Race and Ethnicity
Scientific and social developments in evolutional studies and genetics
Awareness of 'race; as justification for discrimination
Shift from language of race among social scientists to ethnicity
Ethnic replaced
Race to some extent
Social Anthropology
Ethnic replaced tribe
Political Science
Ethnic allied to nations or nationalism
Ethnicity today
ethnic/racial differences progressively blurred
For example
Driving forces
increased recognition of human rights
responses to colonization
civil rights movements
individuals de-emphasize differences to 'fit' dominant 'ethnic' groups
marriage
across ethnic and racial boundaries more common
World smaller due to globalization
Migration
migration patterns and international travel
reduces isolated groups
Immigrants
opt to speak dominant language
Combination of
Instrumentalism
Promordialism
Constructionism
Relevance Varys from situation to situation
A resource for
Social
Cultural
Racial
Have no meaning at all
Liability to escape or denied
Ethnicity and Ethnography
Popularized
Post-colonial era
Sociological and anthropological studies
Changing relationship between industrialized states and subordinate
Fascination with primitive society
Not universal- not all see selves as ethnic
Drivers of social cohesion/ethnicity
promordialism
Ethnicity inherited from ancestors via kinship
Deep, natural connections
Ethnic static
Born into and remain part of the group
Assumes breeding only with group members
myth of common biological ancestry
not racial
modern society refer to those whom is a sense of obligation
Constructionism
Definitions
Ethnic
Socially constructed identity
afflictions determined or constructed by society
Refers to a non-national
distinct cultural identities, subject to state or nation
Boundaries flexible
Wolf (1982)
races constructed and incorporated during European expansion
Ethnic Group during the period of capitalist expansion
Wolf and Griffin (1982)
Racial & Ethnic Categories
"Symbolic markers for different ways that people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy"
Categories
What caused Categories?
racial and ethnic categories are 'symbolic markers'
As a result of a diverse global economy
What determined Category
categories from mobilization and division of labour
groups are products of human social interactions
Effect of categories
different categories of workers allocated to rungs of labour market
Higher echelons created
prevened competition from below
Stigmatized populations and forced them to lower levels
this form of ethnicity is the
modern
ideal
emergence of ethnicity corresponds to emergence of nation states
Instrumentalism
Ethnicity remnant of pre-industrial social order
marginal
decreased significance
What causes ethnic conflict
Objective and perceived differences between groups
created context for
inter-group relations
Political mobilization
Used as tool to become "ethnic" only when relevant
Mechanism for social stratification
Hierarchical arrangement of individuals
Ever changing
ethnic boundaries can realign in new patterns
Interest groups
Political stratergy
Ad-hoc
Resource for interest groups to achieve
Wealth
Power
Territory
Product of Political myths
Created and manipulated by cultural elites
Social construct
Ethnic groups are those who
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Because of memories of colonization and immigration
Belief is important for group formation
Does not matter blood relationship exists
Similarities in physical types or customs
Fenton (2013)
Refers to descent and cultural communities
Subset within nation-state
Point of difference is culture and cultural markers of social boundaries
Often referred to as foreign
cultural differences between people were as a result of
Inherited traits/behaviours
correlated with external physical characteristics
Gordon (1964)
Human social unit based on common
Religion
Nationality
Presumed race
Socially defined
Jackson (1992)
Culturally derived concept
Identify mutual influences of biological traits & Cultural variables
Distinguish genetically based Characteristics from learned characteristics
base social identity of group upon latter traits
So...
Cultural differences were Genetic and physiological (race)
Ethnicity incorporates
Cultural differences
shared inheritance
Vocabulary
Echelons
a level or rank in an organization, a profession, or society.
Stratification
the arrangement or classification of something into different groups.
Entymology
Herodotus (C5th BC)
Language
Cults and customs
Kinship
Similar Physical Features