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Concepts & Knowledge ((Exemplar Model (Less economical than prototype…

- - - - Contain info lost from prototype
        
        Exemplar based reasoning
        
        Specific category members rather than general
    - - Typicality of exemplar: encountered more often
        
        Graded membership: How often is it encountered?
        
        Naming tasks: apples (more often)
        
        Naming tasks: figs (less often)
      - In terms of storage and retrieval
- - - - Definition/ Characteristic features: 4 legs, barks, hairy
        
        Dogs with 3 legs, don't bark, and no hair are exceptions
        
        Family Resemblance: common features but not shared by all
        
        Dogs probably have 4 legs, barks, and fur
        
        Prototype: has all characteristics of category
        
        Prototype theory: categories are represented by best example
        
        Decisions on category membership reference best example
        
        When deciding if this is a bird...
        
        Reference prototype bird
        
        1 more item...
        
        Boundary Conditions
        
        Have characteristics of category
        
        But not entirely satisfactory
        
        Bats fly, but are not birds
        
        Prototypes determined as an average of encounters with category members
        
        Differ from person to person
        
        European idea of car vs. American car
    - - Knowledge is categorized based on typicality
        
        Typicality: degree to which an item is typical for its kind
        
        Demonstrated through production tasks
        
        Person is asked to name as many examples as possible
        
        Begin with items closet to prototype
        
        Ends with category members farthest from prototype
        
        2 more items...
        
        Imagination tasks-Think about a cat
        
        Rating tasks-apple is more typical than olive
        
        6.25/7
        
        Basic level of categorization
        
        Chair is not too specific (barstool) but not too broad (furniture)
        
        Learned first
        
        Suggests a cognitive importance for basic categories
- - - - More experience=Use both
        
        Artifacts
        
        Toaster
        
        Natural kinds
        
        Skunks, Raccoons
        
        Have essential properties