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Ch. 16 Genetics (Mutations (Causes of Mutations (mutagen (something that…
Ch. 16 Genetics
Mutations
any change in DNA
point mutation
base converted to another base
deletion
DNA lost
insertion
addition of DNA
inversion
broken DNA
repaired backwards
Causes of Mutations
mutagen
something that causes mutations
insertion sequences
transposon
Somatic Mutations
mutation in cells that never lead to sex cells
not passed on to plants offspring
Effects on Mutation
depends on nature
almost always harmful
Concepts
Genetics
science of inheritance
alleles
genes
genotype
types of alleles
single individual has
phenotype
individuals's shape, size, metabolism
sexual reproduction
organism combines its alleles with another
advantageous
large degree of chance and risk
asexual reproduction
offspring is identical to its parent
exactly same DNA and alleles
the offspring is never more fit than the parent
& is adapted to the parents environment
Replication of DNA
replicon
primer RNA
10 nucleotides long
ribonucleotides
DNA polymerase
replication fork
when DNA uncoils & opens
when it runs into adjacent replicon
it becomes'ligated'
attached to eachother with covalent bonds
Dihybrid Crosses
Genes on Separate Chromosomes
Independent Assortment
2 genes on seperate chromosomes
alleles of one gene
move more independently
2 genes studied
analyzed siultaneously
Genes om the Same Chomosome
usually dont undergo independent assortment
instead they are 'linked'
'crossing over'
may occur if genes not extremely close together
recombinant chromosomes
last 2 gametes
parental type chromosome
first 2 gametes
Maternal Inheritance
biparental inheritance
allelles of both parents are transmitted equally
Uniparental inheritance
maternal inheritance
zygote obtains all genomes from maternal parent
pollen parent
ovule parent
Monohybrid Crosses
Monohybrid Cross with Incomplete Dominance
single character analyzed and studied
parental generation
parents
their offspring
F1
First filial generation
homozygous
2 identical alleles
RR
heterozygous
2 different alleles
Rr
incomplete dominance
neither parental trait dominates the other
Monoybrid Crosses with Complete Dominance
heterozygous
dominant
the trait shown
recessive
the trait masked
Crossing Heterozygotes with Themselves
selfing
plant fertilizing own eggs
crossed with another plant
with ame genotype
Punnett Square
1:2:1 ratio
for heterozygous plants
Multiple Alleles
polymorphic
X1,X2,X3,X4
dominance more complex
