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Years Of Crisis (Artists Rebel Against Tradition (Cubism transformed…

- - - - Franz Kafka wrote eerie novels such as "The Trial" and "The Castle"
        
        His books feature people caught in threatening situations they can neither understand nor escape.
        
        The books stuck a chord among readers in the uneasy postwar years.
        
        Diffusion
    - - James Joyce gained widespread attention with his stream-of-conciseness novel "Ulysses"
        
        The book focused on a single day in the lives of three people in Dublin, Ireland.
        
        Joyce broke with normal sentence structure and vocabulary in a bold attempt to mirror the workings of the human mind.
      - James Joyce
  - - - Existentialists believed that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person creates their own meaning of life through choices made and actions taken.
      - They were influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
        
        In the 1880's he wrote that Western ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions.
        
        He urged a return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength.
        
        His ideas attracted growing attention in the 20th century and had a great impact on politics in Italy and Germany int he 1920s and 1930s
        
        How might have Nietzsche's ideas have influenced politicians? His ideas might have influenced politicians because he wanted to return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength.
        
        Friedrich Nietzsche
      - Self-Interest
  - - - Described postwar world as barren "wasteland" drained of hope and faith.
    - - William Butler Yeats
- - - - The horrors of ww1 shattered the belief that the progress in the world would continue to develop.
      - In the post war period people began to question traditional beliefs. witch challenged the way people looked at the world.
        
        As society became more open, women demanded more rights, and young people adopted new values
        
        Meanwhile, unconventional styles and ideas in literature, philosophy, and music reflected the uncertain times.
      - Lots of people felt comfort in technological improvements like transportation and communication.
        
        New Tec post WW1
  - - - The Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
        
        physicist Albert Einstein offered startling new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter.
        
        Scientists had found that light travels at exactly the same speed no matter what direction it moves in relation to earth.
        
        In 1905, Einstein theorized that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as space and time, are not.
        
        He said that space and time can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of light about 186,000 miles per second.
        
        Since relative motion is the key to Einstein’s idea, it is called the theory of relativity.
        
        Now uncertainty and relativity replaced Isaac Newton’s comforting belief of a world operating according to absolute laws of motion and gravity.
        
        Why were Einstein’s ideas upsetting to many people?
        
        Beacuse Einstein developed a new theory of Relativity of uncertainty and relativity replaced Isaac Newton's comforting belief of a world of constants operating according to absolute laws of motion and gravity.
        
        More on the Theory of Relativity
      - Influence of Freudian Psychology
        
        The ideas of Austrian physician Sigmund Freud were as revolutionary as Einstein’s.
        
        In what way were Freud’s ideas as revolutionary as Einstein’s?
        
        Because people don't like change and this was a big change. It changed people's views of the world .
        
        .
        
        Freud treated patients with psycho logical problems.
        
        From his experiences, he constructed a theory about the human mind. He believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason.
        
        He called the irrational part of the mind the unconscious.
        
        In the unconscious, a number of drives existed, especially pleasure seeking drives, of which the conscious mind was unaware.
        
        Freud’s ideas weakened faith in reason. Even so, by the 1920s, Freud’s theories had developed widespread influence.
        
        More on the theory of the unconscious mind
- - - - British factories produced 34,000 autos in 1913. After the war, prices dropped, and the middle class could afford cars. By 1937, the British were producing 511,000 autos a year.
      - Increased auto use by the average family led to lifestyle changes.
        
        Change
      - The automobile benefited from a host of wartime innovations and improvements, cars were also made to look nicer.
      - More people traveled
        
        Airplanes Transform Travel
        
        At first only the rich were able to afford air travel.
        
        Amelia Earhart was an American who, in 1932, became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.
        
        In 1919, two British pilots made the first successful flight across the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Ireland. In 1927, an American pilot named Charles Lindbergh captured world attention with a 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris.
        
        Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment
        
        Guglielmo Marconi con- ducted his first successful experiments with radio in 1895. However, the real push for radio development came during World War I.
        
        In 1920, the world’s first commercial radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania began broadcasting.
        
        Every major city had stations broadcasting news, plays, and even live sporting events. Soon most families owned a radio.
        
        Movies
        
        Motion pictures were also a major industry in the 1920s.
        
        Many countries, from Cuba to Japan, produced movies. In Europe, film was a serious art form. However, in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, where 90 percent of all films were made, movies were entertainment.
        
        Charlie Chaplin was an English-born actor who was considered the king of Hollywood’s silent screen.
        
        His best work was his portrayal of the lonely little tramp bewildered by life.
        
        The advances in transportation and communication that followed the war had brought the world in closer touch. Global prosperity came to depend on the eco- nomic well-being of all major nations, especially the United States.
        
        In the late 1920's sound was added to movies.
        
        Movies
        
        Social Systems
        
        Radio and Movies used as Entertainment
        
        International air travel became an objective after the war.
- - - - Women’s Roles Change
        
        It was their work in the war effort that had gotten them the ability to vote.
        
        After the war women suffrage became a law in United States, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria.
        
        Women changed form restrictive clothing and hairstyles, to shorter, looser garments and had their hair “bobbed,” or cut short.
        
        Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman risked being arrested by speaking in favor of birth control. As women pursued new careers, the numbers of women in medicine, education, journalism, and other professions increased.
        
        some women still followed the traditional paths of marriage and family, a growing number spoke out for greater freedom in their lives.
        
        they even wore makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in public.
        
        Women Roles Changing
        
        Patterns
        
        What goals were women seeking in the 1920’s
        
        women rights
        
        The independent spirit of the times showed clearly in the changes women were making in their lives. Because of the war women were able to take on new roles.
        
        How did the changes in women’s clothes reflect their changing roles?
        
        Women changed form restrictive clothing and hairstyles, to shorter, looser garments and had their hair “bobbed,” or cut short.