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Ecology of the peer group (Peer groups (Significant socializers, Satisfy…
Ecology of the peer group
Peers
Same age
Same gender
Share interests
Peer groups
Significant socializers
Satisfy certain belonging needs
Often preffered over other groups
Influnece cognitive, social, and psychological development
Belonging needs and social interactions
Infancy/Toddlerhood
Securely atached
Caregivers respond to needs
Model to imitate to responsiveness
Feel confident to leave and explore environment
Socially invoveled with peers
Insecurely attached
Parental rejection
Inconsitancy of care
Avoid peer relationships
Early childhood
Adults provide social interactions
Have friends over
Take to friends
Attend preschool programs
Middle childhood
Spend most of the day with peers
More dependent on approval of peers
If parent involvement develop closer relationships
Adolescence
One or two best friends
six to ten peer friends (clique)
More loosley organized peer group (crowd)
Sense of self
Infancy/Toddlerhood
Relaitonships become more reciprocal
Words to communicate
Coordinated behavior
Early childhood
Power
Compliance
Cooperation
Middle Childhood
Say what they feel
Find others like themselves
Clarifies and supports identity
Builds self esteem
Provides role models
Adolescence
Turn to parents for future-oreinted decisions
Turn to friends for present-oreinted decisions
Moral issues parents influence
Appearances friends influnece
Peer group influence
Emotions
compliance to group norms (followership)
creation of group norms (leadership)
Social Competence
Understanding of others feelings and intentions
Social cognition
Conceptions and reasoning about people
Socializing Mechanisms
Reinforcement
Approving anothers behavior
laughter and praise (positive reinforcements)
Crying, Physcial attack, and disapproval (Negative reinforcement)
Punitive acts (neutral reinforment)
Modeling
Imitation
Can learn to do something new
Learn consequences of behavior
Can learn to behave in a new situation
Situation
Acitive behavior is usually imitiated
Model
Is percieved as similar to observer
Observer
Cognitive and physical abilities to reproduce behaviors
Punishment
Teasing
Physical aggression
Rejection
Bullying
Victims
Withdrawn
Passive
Shy
Bullies
Dominant
aggressive
angry
Apprenticeship
Expert helps a Novice
Zone of proximital development
Actual development
Potential development
Macrosystems Influences
Developmental tasks
Getting along with others
Empathize
Morals and values
Learned from parents
Rules established guides of conduct
Morality of constraint
respect of authority
Morality of cooperation
Mutual understanding of equals
appropriate sociocultural roles
Practice autonomy and empathy
communicate direct/assertive or indirect/passive manner
compete or cooperate
Peers give feedback about roles
Sex and gender roles
Gender roles learned from peers what is acceptable
In preschool usually separate out by boys and girls
girls tend to play in small group games/Boys engage in large group games
Sex education
Peers
love
contraception
homosexuality
intercourse
masturbation
Parents share attitudes about sex, love, and marriage
schools provide info on topics
abstincence
diseases
menstration
sperm production
Media
excitement without consequences
Chrono system influences
Play
Solitary
Plays alone and independently
Onlooker
Child watches
Parallel
Plays alone but mimics other childrens play
Associative
Children engage in similar activities
Cooperative
Organized and group has purpose
Types of play
Exploratory
Imitative
Testing
Model-building
Development of friendships
Early childhood
momentary playmateship
Early to Middle childhood
one-way assistance
Middle childhood
two-way, fairweather cooperation
Middle childhood to adolescence
Intimate, mutually shared
Adolescence to adulthood
Autonomous, interdependent friendships
Bullying
Threats
taunts
teasing
name calling
hitting
kicking
Bully characteristics
Domination needs
Impulsive, easily angered
physically stronger
difficulty adhering to rules
opisitional, defiant
little empathy
relatively positive self-concept
Victim characteristics
Physically weaker
poor physical coordination
exhibit fear of being hurt
cautious, sensitive, shy, quiet
anxious, insecure, unhappy
relatively negative self-concept
Mesosystems influences
Adult sturctured peer groups
Team sports
scouts
Church groups
Include rules, guidlines, expected behaviors
adults supply praice, criticism, and feedback
Adult mediated group interaction
Groups
stratify
create norms
frustration and competition contribute to hostility
Competition between groups develops cohesivness in groups
common goals in groups reduces in group hostility
Adult leadership styles
Authoritarian
Adult dictates all activties
Democratic (authoritative)
Activities are determined by group and adult
Laissez-fiare (permissive)
Everything is left up to the group