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180319 Leadership: Military Ethics/ Ethics in the MilitaryLecture: Beard…
180319 Leadership: Military Ethics/ Ethics in the MilitaryLecture: Beard
Realism
war should be thought though
power
and
national interest
not ethics
descriptive realism: power work interests of power and there are no ethics
moral realism: should do what is in your interest
Thucydides, Machiavelli
ie is it in our states best interest to go to war
then yes
in response
morality is good strategy
there is no state so powerful to do so
in our interests to cooperate with others (eg trade)
so trust as a better factor to promote your citizen's welfare
burden of proof relies on realist why ethics doesn't apply
notion that statehood is built on morality
Just War
philosophical theory of choice for the ADF
considered mid way between realism and pacificsm
sometimes can be morally permissible to go to war
competing paradigms
sword approach
: prevent harm while pursing purpose of the military (professional first approach)
allow the military to do its job without going too far
so when conditions are met
people who are able defend to people can sleep peacefully in their beds
who for: civilians who benefit from restrained warfare
shield approach
: engage in war without loosing yourself
who for: combatants to preserve humanity & overcome temptations and stresses
notion that war corrupts people in it
so who are you when you go to war?
a professional
your whole person
response
role morality
military ethics is professional ethics codes, rules applied to the profession
ethics in the military
competing methods
classical/trditionalists
designed to create institutions to facilitate just conflicts
assoc with international law
reductivists/revisionist approach
no difference between ethics of war and the ethics of self defence
so is war morally different
protection of own interests led to some rules of law
theories
Jus ad Bellum
decision to go to war
requires
just cause
to avert/correct a serious injustice
right intention
so you need motivated by an injustice
legitimate authority
legitimate leader representative of the community
proportionality
will the world be better off?
questionable if if will led to worse outcomes for everyone (eg larger war)
probability of success
not probability of victory
last resort
all reasonable options exhausted conscience of time frame
Jus in Bello
Proportionally
effects & side-effects must be distinguished
force reasonable relative to purpose of the operation
prohibits excessive force
responsibilities to fight the war well
discrimination
who is a legitimate target of attack
liability: those who have forfeited their right to be attacked
so combatants
only kill people who deserve to be killed
mala in se (wrong in itself)
#
so wrong as to be unjustified in all circumstances
assumption: the moral of combatants
the right to kill each other
but if fighting for a good cause? but is different to you
so to individuals require to determine who is fighting and whether it is just
so do individuals need to be satisfied it is good?
what is the function of private confidence
Jus post Bellum
just peace
what does it look like
before or after the war
before the war may led to another war
after the war: what will give least chance of going to war
so how to reconcile?
should be considered before going to war
how to make relevant?
to subordinates/superiors inc elected leaders
internalise the ethics of war
Code of the Warrior
Shannon French
what makes a warrior distinct from a murderer
code of the warrior
internally regulated
stepped in traditions
regulated by peers
though honour and shame
but will honour alone be effective?
do we bring everything else?
can honour be used poorly
moral injury
ethic wronging
witnessed it
perpetrated it
subject of it
Pacifism
absolute pacifism: war is wrong
relies on non-violent resistance
killing is always wrong
contingent pacifism: given the way we fight wars today, war is wrong
ie the circumstances matter
in response
makes you vulnerable to attack and injustice
so don't meet responsibility to your citizens
you ought to stop evil
and counterpoints
we have not tried it or provided resources for it
it is better to suffer injustice than commit injustice
ie rather die with hands clean than sink into the mid