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180319 Ethical Theory Lecture Forsyth (definitions (morals: a normative…
180319 Ethical Theory Lecture Forsyth
ethics: how do we act in relation to what exists in the world (what should we do?)
normative: what one ought to do
how we should act according to right/wrong or good/bod
Descriptive
according to society
rules
meta-ethics
what is right or wrong
why important?
keeps society from falling apart
law does not cover every set of circumstances
ameliorate human siffering
promotes human flourishing
resolves conflicts of interest in just ways
relevance to military
Defence leadership definition includes ethical pursuit (of missions)
definitions
values: fundamental beliefs that define right/wrong or good/bad
is something good?
because we agreed
or there is some intrinsic value
types
terminal: things we aspire to
see Milton Rokeach
instrumental values: preferable modes of behaviour
morals: a normative set of rules
distinguish right or wrong for a group
development
Kolberg
Level 1: preconventional
until 9 yo
consequences of actions
punishment avoidance: morality from authority
Level 2: conventional
meeting conventions of others fulfilling duties and upholding laws
Level 3: postconventional
sense of democracy/relativity of rules self selection of moral principles
moral reason: thought process to determine if something is right/wrong in a given situation
ethics: a system of moral principles by which human actions may be judged (good/bad, right/wrong)
ethical behaviour: to do what one ought to do
ethical dilemma: a moral challenge where there is no easy solution
normative theory
aretaic: virtue
actions/character
deontic
teleological
consequences
Smith: to do things in the interests of others
utilitarianism: for the greater good
deontological
nature of the act
what is right is to God's work
rules
conscience
consider those around us so rules and conscience
Kant: tell's us the right thing to do our duty
main theories
virtue
#
virtue (virtue)
a reflection of who we are
focus on developing good habits
avoid bad traits
rather than learning the rules
motive (rights)
if people have a claim to a right then others have an obligation not to infringe
rights are
natural (not created by governments)
can be
positive: obligation to be provided
negative: relies on others not abusing it
consequence (utility)
consequence of action has some utility
usefulness, benefit, pleasure, happiness
act can be considered differently from a perspective
care
does not accord with any rule
based on the primacy of the relationship
care has
awareness of needs
ability to meet needs
responsibility for meeting those needs
responds to those needs
meta ethical perspectives
rights (motive)
utility (consequences)