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Cardiovascular system : (Anatomy (Important Structures (Papillary muscles,…

- - - - Between right atrium and ventricle
      - Three cusps
      - No backflow into atrium
      - No chordae tendineae
    - - Between left atrium and ventricle
      - Two cusps
      - No backflow into atrium
      - No chordae tendineae
    - - Pulmonary semilunary valve
        
        Between right ventricle and pulmonary valve
        
        Three cusps
        
        With chordae tendineae
      - Aortic semilunar valve
        
        Between left ventricle and aorta
        
        Three cusps
        
        With chordaw tendineae
      - No backflow into ventricle from great vessel
  - - - Mediastinum
  - - - Fibrous pericardium
        
        Parietal pericardium
        
        Pericardial cavity (Serous fluid)
        
        Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
  - - - Myocardium
        
        Endocardium
    - - T-tubules extend into sarcoplasmic reticulum
    - - How myofilaments are arranged
    - - Desmosomes
        
        Protein filament anchors
        
        Prevents muscles from pulling apart
      - Gap junctions
        
        Protein pores between sarcolemma
        
        Prevents cardiac muscles from pulling apart
  - - - Pectinate muscles
      - Fossa ovalis
      - Foramen Ovale
      - Empties into the right ventricle
    - - Trabeculae carneae
      - Papillary muscles
      - Chordaw tendineae
      - Empties into the pulmonary trunk
    - - Pectinate muscles
      - Empties into the left ventricle
    - - Trabeculae carneae
      - Chordae tendineae
      - Empties into to the aorta
  - - - Pacemaker
    - - Opening for coronary sinus
      - Floor of the right atrium and AV valve
    - - Extends from left and right apex
    - - Bundle of His
      - Extends from AV nodes through the interventricular septum
  - - - Aorta
        
        Blood away from the heart to the body
      - Pulmonary trunk
        
        Blood to the lungs from the heart
    - - Vena cava
        
        Blood from the body to the heart
      - Pulmonary veins
        
        Blood from the lungs to the heart
    - - Collagen fibers
      - Prevents AV valves from buckling under pressure
    - - Large, smooth, irregular muscle ridges
    - - Smooth muscle in internal walls of the heart
    - - Extends from internal wall
      - Three cone shaped, muscular projection
      - Anchors chordae tendineae
- - - - Autorhythmicity
    - - Slow voltage gated Na channel
      - Fast voltage gated Ca channels
      - Fast voltage gated K channel
    - - 1.Reaching threshold
        
        Slow Na channels leak Na
        
        Na is leaking into the nodal cell
        
        Causes the nodal cell to reach threshold (-40 mV)
        
        -60 to -40 mV
        
        Reached without outside stimulation
        
        Threshold causes Ca channels to open
      - 2.Depolarization
        
        Change in voltage causes fast Ca channel to open
        
        -40 to slightly above positive
      - 3.Repolarization
        
        Ca channel closed
        
        Slightly positive to -60 mV
        
        Triggers opening of Na and starts all over again
        
        K channel opens
        
        K leaks into the nodal cell
        
        Causes the K to repolarize the cell
  - - - Slow voltage gated Ca channels open
        
        Ca enters
        
        Enters from interstitial fluid
      - No electrical change at sarcolemma
        
        "Leveling off"
      - Voltage gated K opens
        
        K leaves the cell
    - - Action potential of nodal cells triggers fast Na channels to open
        
        -90 to 30 mV
        
        Na enters cardiac muscle cells
        
        Voltage gated Na channels close
    - - Positive value to -90 mV
      - K channels remain open
        
        Allows K to continue to leave
        
        Decrease voltage
      - Slow voltage gated Ca channels close
    - - -90 mV
    - - Ca enters from interstitial fluid and the sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        Ca can bind to troponin
        
        Begin crossbridge cycle
        
        Voltage gated Ca channels close
        
        Ca is released from troponin
        
        Return to resting length
        
        Relaxed
  - - - Allows for atria to finish contracting
      - Force blood into ventricle
    - - Allows simultaneous stimulation
  - - - Cardioinhibitory center
      - Decreases heart rate
      - No direct effect on force of contraction
    - - Cardioacceleratory center
      - Increases both heart rate and force of contraction
      - Causes dilation of coronary arteries
    - - Bainbridge reflex
      - Protects the heart from overfilling
      - Baroreceptor
      - Increase heart rate, decrease atrial stretch (vice versa)
- - - - Wider lumen
    - - Towards heart
  - - - Uses valves to stop backflow
  - - - Narrower lumen
- - - - P wave
        
        Atrial depolarization
      - QRS complex
        
        Ventricular depolarization
      - T wave
        
        Ventricular repolarization
    - - PQ segment
        
        Atrial plateau as atria is contracting
      - ST segment
        
        Ventricular plateau while its contracting
    - - PR Interval
        
        Period between P wave and QRS deflection
      - QT interval
        
        Tachyarrythmia
        
        Period from the beginning of the QRS and end of the T wave
  - - - Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of rest
  - - - Lowers than pressure on blood in arterial blood
    - - No backflow
  - - - Pressure on blood is greater than pressure in arterial trunk
    - - Blood entering trunk
    - - Amount of blood pumped out during ventricular systole
    - - Blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole
  - - - Atrium is filling
  - - - Amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in 1 min ( L/min)
    - - Volume of blood ejected during one beat (mL/min)
    - - Number of heartbeats per minute (bmp)
    - - Max volume of ventricles
      - Vol of blood in the ventricle at the end of rest
    - - Blood remaining in ventricle
      - ESV= EDV - SV
    - - Stretch of the heart wall due to blood volume
    - - Vol of blood returned to heart by great veins
      - Related to stroke volume
    - - Resistance in arteries to the ejection of blood by ventricles
      - Atherosclerosis
      - Concern with old age
    - - Volume of blood entering the heart inc, greater preload
      - Vice versa