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Lecture 20: Nutrition/digestion; Handling metabolic waste I (Eight…
Lecture 20: Nutrition/digestion; Handling metabolic waste I
Heterotrophs get carbon, mineral elements, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids from food
Animals cannot make acetyl groups
Macronutrients required by Animals
Chlorine
Magnesium
Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
Micronutrients required by animals
Cobalt
Copper
Chromium
Fluorine
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc
Eight Essential Amino Acids
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Threonine
Isoleucine
Valine
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Zymogen- Inactive form of digestive enzyme- needed so we don't digest ourselves
Digestion cleaves macromolecules
Enzymatic Hydrolysis- adds water, breaks down macromolecules
Compartments of digestion & absorption
Earthworms have crops & gizzards
Cockroaches have crop & gizzards
Rabbits have Liver, stomach, pancreas, caecum, intestines
Large Surface Area increases absorption
Ilium, lower region of intestines in sharks, has spiral valve
In humans, villi & microvilli
Typhosole in earthworms, longitudinal infolding of intestinal wall
Digestive Enzymes
Carbohydrates= Carbohydrases
Nucleic Acids= Nucleases
Proteins= Proteases
Fats= Lipases
In Small Intestine:
capillaries and veins that drain nutrients from the villi all converge into the
hepatic portal vein
- leads to liver
Cellulose & Lignin, found in plants, are difficult to digest
Cellulose molecules are arranged in microfibrils
Ruminants, like cows & buffalo, have four stomachs & use fermentation by bacteria to digest plant material
Rumen & Reticulum contain bacteria
Omasum gets mixture of fermented food & microorganisms, concentrates it through water absorption
Abomasum is "true" stomach
Plant Energy
Macronutrients required by Plants
Sulfur
Phosphorous
Calcium
Nitrogen
Magnesium
Potassium
Epiphytes get nutrients from air or water
Insectivores get nutrients from insects
Parasitic plants get nutrients from hosts
Plant Waste Removal
Some wastes stored in hardwood of trees
Some elements lost with leaf drop
CO2 recycled in photosynthesis
Some elements recycled
Some excretion through roots, such as organic acids
Waste Disposal
Heterotrophs make nitrogenous waste
Uric Acid in birds, insects, reptiles
Ammonia in aquatic invertebrates, most bony fishes
Urea in mammals, most amphibians, cartilagenous fishes
4 basic processes in excretory systems: Filtration, adjustment of ions that are not waste, adjustment of water, storage and excretion
Examples in organisms
Annelids (Earthworms)- Blood under pressure in capillaries filters fluid into coelomic cavity; fluid pulled back into metanephridia
Insects- ions transported into Malphigian tubules; nonwaste ions transported back into organism, water follows, waste excreted
Protonephridia in flatworms- Filtration into tubule system, Reabsoprtion of some solutes from tubules after filtration