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gihep 2: Principles of Nutrition (Calorie (1 kcal = 4.2 kJ, amount of heat…
gihep 2: Principles of Nutrition
malnutrition
of micronutrients (vits + mins)
calorie deficiency = Marasmus
Protein deficiency = Kwashiorkor
secondary = due to underlying condition
fever/infection (anorexia + metabolism change)
diarrhoea
parasites
nutrient classification
macro
large quantities
yield energy
carbs
energy from COH oxidation
lipids
slow oxidation
proteins
micro
small amounts
regulators
vits (organic)
not made in body
B+C = H2O soluble
mins (inorganic)
Calorie
1 kcal = 4.2 kJ
amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1L H2O bt 1 degree C
4 kcal/g carb
4 kcal/g protein
9 kcal/g fat
7 kcal/g alcohol
BMR
energy consumed when awake, resting, in thermoneutral environment, 12hrs after last meal
= 24 kcal/kg/day
for normal body functions
high in men, kids, fever, hyperthyroidism
low in women, starvation, hypothyroidism
diet induced thermogenesis
varies with food composition, cold exposure, coffee intake
additional energy expenditure
10% of BMR
dietary reference intakes
estimated average requirement
accurate for 50% of pop
for group assessment
RDA
men: 2800 kcal
women: 2100 kcal
+300 pregnancy, +500 lactation
good for planning
accurate for 97-98% of pop
adequate intakes (min aim)
tolerable upper intake levels
max that weight will return to normal
e.g. xmas time
total parenteral nutrition
IV
bypasses gut
H2O,glucose,salts,AAs,vits
BMI
weight (kg) / [height (m)]^2
<18.5 = underweight
25 = overweight
30 = obese