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the end of the cold war (why did Reagan cause the second cold war? (his…
the end of the cold war
what happened during détente?
communication/ visits/ trade
Nixon visited Moscow twice and china in 1972 and 1974
17th of july 1975
space link up (3 US astronauts and 2 soviet astronauts shook hands in space)
in 1977 Jimmy Carter sent a letter to Andrei Sakharov supporting stand against soviet authorities
agreements/treaties
May 1972- Salt I (limits to arms race, no limits to developing new weapons)
1975- Helsinki agreement (USA, USSR and 33 other countries made declarations about 3 international issues(security, cooperation, human rights))
1974- Salt II (signed to continue descaling arms race)
1979- peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
wars/ conflicts
1967- six day war Israeli victory (supported by US) over arab states (supported by USSR) but neither heavily involved
1968-invasion of Czechoslovakia (west did not interfere)
1965-72= Vietnam war
yom kippur war between Syria (USSR) and Israel (USA)
November 1979- seizure of US embassy in Tehran and holding of US citizens hostage
what agreements were made in détente?
salt I
agreements
ABM systems allowed at only 2 sites containing only 100 missiles
each side can use satellites to check eachother
aim at maintaining balance on nuclear power
5 year freeze on number of ICBM and SLBM launchers
limits
did not limit number of strategic bombers or bombs
no restriction on MIRV's
no restrictions on developing new weapons
Helsinki
agreements
USSR accepted existence of west Germany
call for closer economic, scientific, cultural links
agreed to respect human rights
recognition of European frontier
limits
USSR maintained control over satellite states
Jimmy Carters 1974 letter
USSR send weapons to 24 African states
US defense spending increases in 1978
Salt II
agreements
limits on deployment of offensive arms
2400 nuclear delivery vehicles per side
a ban on new ICBM launchers (land based)
1320 limit on MIRV systems per side
limits
never ratified in USA
2000 USSR soviet troops in Cuba
Nato places missiles in west Europe- 1979
what bought détente to an end?
problems in Afghanistan
Nur Muhammad Taraki became leader
PDPA= Afghanistan communist party
imposed communist reform programme
muslim religious establishments and intellectuals are imprisoned and murdered
Then Hafizullah Amin became overthrew Taraki and became leader
ant muslim policies caused insatiability
thousands of afghan Muslims joined Mujahedeen (guerilla movement) and declared jihad on Amin supporters
Brezhnev
concerned about growth of Islamic fundamentalism
wanted to show 30 million muslims in soviet union that there would be no change in the way the soviet union was run
invasion
happened on the
25th of December 1979- 1st of jan 1980
50,000 soviet troops were sent to protect PDPA
complying to the 1979 treaty of friendship signed by Taraki
on the
27th of Dec 1979
Amin was shot and replaced by Babrak Kamal
Kamal required 85,000 soviet soldiers to keep him in power
many afghan soldiers deserted to join Mujahedeen
what was the impact of the invasion of Afghanistan?
carter doctrine
USA would use military force if necessary to defend national interests in Persian Gulf (oil)
US companies could not sell high tech equipment to USSR
proposed creation of a quick strike military force
boycott of Moscow Olympics 1980
carter pressured USCO to boycott games otherwise he would withhold funding and tax benefits
61 other countries did the same and Liberty Bell Classic was alternative held in 1981
American press ridiculed the Moscow mascot calling it Gulag bear- refers to soviet concentration camps
end of détente
at lowest point since Cuban missile crisis
by 1980 was dead
why did Reagan cause the second cold war?
his attitude
was aware of build up in soviet arsenal but was not intimidated
wanted to confront USSR whenever possible
wanted to increases US defense spending
wanted to eradicate US humiliations (Vietnam war)
US defense spending
between 1981 and 1987 would cost over a trillion dollars
100 Mx missiles and 100 B-1 bombers, construction of stealth bomber, 6 trident nuclear subs, development of neutron bomb, placed cruise missiles in western Europe
worsened superpower relations
zero option
proposed in November 1981
to cancel deployment of new US missiles in western Europe in return for soviet dismantling of comparable forces- Brezhnev rejected
an excuse to move more missiles to western europe
polish solidarity
polish workers union movement crushed- leaders imprisoned in 1982
during START USA criticized- relations got worse
SDI/ star wars
announced on
23rd of March 1983
a ground and space based anti ballistic missile system, shielding and destroying missiles
4 days after Andropov accused Reagan of preparing a first strike attack
What changed with USSR leadership?
changes in early 1980's
4 different leaders between 1982-85
Brezhnev died in 1982, Andropov died in 1984, Cherenkov died in 1985 and Gorbachev appointed in
march 1985
new thinking
initiating sweeping reforms in soviet union and communist party- Perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness)
ending arms race with USA and signing various arms reduction agreements
abandoning Brezhnev doctrine and stopping soviet interference in eastern European satellite states- preventing soviet economic collapse
Gorbachev visited supermarkets, chatted with workers at truck factory, discussed computer training with teachers, increasing nurses pay
visited Baltic shipyards in Leningrad- worker said he wanted perestroika to develop faster Gorbachev said 'lets do it"
wanted to know what people wanted
other developments
dissidents released from jail
banned books being published
elections for local government
economic development
how did arms race come to end?
summit meetings (1985-86)
held in Geneva over 2 days in November 1985
aims were: speed up arms talks, work towards abolition of chemical weapons, be more active on issue involving human rights
Gorbachev and Raegan met with advisors- Regan refused to give up SDI
Reykjavik October 1986
agreed to reductions in arsenals
did not agree on problem of SDI
summit collapsed
INF
held in
December 1987
Regan still committed to SDI
Gorby changed his mind because of: weapons being too expensive, Regan promised not to invade USSR, the Soviet economy would never recover with spending, improve popularity in west- trade
no missiles in range of 500-5,000 km
By
1st of June 1991
2692 weapons destroyed (1,846 by USSR, 846 by USA)
signed in Moscow 1988
other agreements
CFE= 1989
START 1= 1991
what was the impact of Gorbachevs leadership in eastern Europe?
Sinatra doctrine
rejected Brezhnev doctrine in 1988 and in 1989 said the warsaw pact countries could make changes without interference
the soviet union would no longer favour trade with communist countries over capitalist countries
reforms in Poland led to
in 1989 a non communist government was elected
then more political parties and free elections were proposed in Hungary in 1990
Hungary opened border with Austria in 1989
in east Germany 300,000 people demonstrate in Leipzig and on the
3rd of October 1990
Germany is unified
fall of Berlin wall
on
November 4 1989
over a million people demonstrate for free elections in Berlin
on the
9th of November 1989
the east German government open border due to huge number of east Germans leaving via Hungary- people tore down wall
a million people per day met relatives and experienced life in west
after unification, Germany joined nato
in 1991 warsaw pact dissolved
why did the USSR collapse?
view of Gorby
popular in west for willingness to reform
awarded nobel peace prize in 1990
in USSR he was criticized and treated with suspicion
coup
happened on the
19th of August 1991
a group of senior communist government officials 'gang of eight' removed Gorby from power
the new government removed perestroika and glasnost but only lasted for 3 days
Boris Yeltsin (chair of Russian supreme soviet) declared it is illegal and encouraged the people of Moscow to resist regime
new constitution
gorby returns to power on
21st of august
gave soviet republics greater independence - however they wanted full independence
in 1990 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared themselves as independent accepted by Moscow in 1991
resignation of gorby
found he was opposed by all soviet society, announced dissolution of soviet union and resignation on the
25th of December 1991
end of warsaw pact in July 1991