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Judaism (Key Words (Synagogue - House of assembly; building for Jewish…
Judaism
Key Words
Synagogue - House of assembly; building for Jewish public prayer, study and assembly
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Shabbat - day of spiritual renewal and rest. Beginning at sunset on friday and closing at nightfall on saturday
Kosher - ('Fit' or 'Proper') Foods that are permitted to be eaten according to Leviticus chapter 11. It is also used to refer to the purity of ritual objects such as the Torah scroll
Torah - The fives books of Moses (Genesis, Numbers, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy), regarded as the holiest books of the Tenakh
Mitzvoth - The term has mixed meanings. It's often used to refer to duties (such as the 613 in the Torah) and good deeds
Messiah - The anointed one who will bring a new era or age for humankind. This will include rebuilding the Temple and bringing in an age of universal peace
Covenant - A promise or agreement made between two parties. Covenants were made between God with Noah and Abraham with Moses
Jewish Festivals
Passover/Pesach March/April - Remembrance of the freeing of the Jews from the Egyptians who were led by Moses
- The seder plate is the meal that they eat:
Lamb bone = symbol of sacrifice (1st Passover God ordered Jews to paint their doorposts with lambs blood)
Hard boiled egg = Symbol of new life they had in general
Green Vegetables = Remember the tears when the Jews were in captivity
Bitter Herbs = Reflecting the bitterness of slavery
Matzot = unleavened bread the Jews in Egypt didn't have time to let their bread rise (no yeast)
Bowl of salt water = Tears they cried
Glass of Wine = drunk 4 times in the meal for the 4 times God promised to free the Jews
Sukkot October 8 days feast of the tabernacles
Celebrates the time the Jews were in the wilderness after escaping from Egypt
Belief - Leviticus 23:42
- take etrog, citron fruit, palms and an emertal branch and rejoice with them
- Spend time outside
- Can feel Gods presence anywhere
Build a hut and live in it
Shavuot May/June - Celebrates the giving of the law to Moses Belief - Time Jews given the Torah on Mount Sinai, marks the time of the wheat harvest
- Synagogue decorated with flowers and plants (Sinai)
- Prayers to thank God for the Torah, study the Torah on the 1st night
- Food traditions
Hanukkah December - Celebrates the preservation of the Jewish religion when the Greeks tried to destroy it
Belief - Over 20,000yrs ago Jews beat Greeks in a battle when Greeks banned all Jewish worship, Maccabees fought against them for 3 years
Temple rebuilt by Solomon, lamp lit, Jews went to get more oil when they returned after 8 days it was still lit (Shekinhah)
Yom Kippur/Day of Atonement sept/oct - Most sacred and solem day of the Jewish year, brings repentance to a close, God will decide who will have a good or bad year
Belief - Leviticus 23:26-28
-Marked in several ways for 25 hours: no perfume or makeup, no sex, can't wash, can't wear leather
- Kol Nidre prayer first service sung by cantor
- confession (vidui)
- Men will put on shawls
Rosh Hashanah New year - Jewish new year festival commemorates the creation of the world, lasts for 2 days
Belief - God records the Judgement in the book of life, who will live or die have a good or bad time next year
- special services
Blowing of the Shofar - large horn
- 100 notes sounded in a special rhythm
- Special meal emphasis on sweetness (apples with honey, sweet carrot stew), round Hallah bread symbolises circle of new year
- Pomegranate 613 seeds
Mashiach (Messiah)
Yigdal "I believe with complete faith in the coming of the Messiah... I shall wait for his arrival each day"
The Messiah
Isaiah 11:1-12, Isaiah 14:1 and Ezekiel 37:21-28 = The messiah will be wise, skilful,honourable, doesn't judge by appearance or unjustly, rule will integrity, merciful to his people and purify people
The Messianic Age There will be peace and nothing harmful or evil (enemies won't be enemies), his people will be able to live in their own land and foreigners can come. His people will be united in Israel with one king and won't corrupt themselves
Reform Jews
Focus on a messianic age not a person: a time will come where there will be peace all over the world, Gods presence will be felt by everyone and his law will be followed by all, good actions will bring about the messianic age
Orthodox Jews
The messiah will be a human being who will bring about changes to the world, will make Israel united and will make God's law the law of the land, he will rebuild the temple that was destroyed and it will be the dwelling place of God (Shekinah)
LAD -God breathed life into the souls of Adams body, souls leave the body during sleep and gains refreshment from heaven and also leave the body at the point of death but the body and soul will reunite at the end of time
Sheol - where people after death its a dark place they stay for eternity but it was later changed to a waiting place until the day of judgement in 2nd BCE
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Quotes = (Genesis 2:7 - God breathed...)
'As a cloud fades away, so whoever goes down to Sheol does not come up' - Job 7:9
'Many of those that sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to eternal life, others to reproaches, to everlasting abhorrence' - Daniel 12:2
G-D
The Shema
- The most important prayer for Jews which is taken fro Deuteronomy 6 (normally recited in Hebrew)
'Hear oh Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One' (Monotheism = belief in one God)
God as Lawgiver and Judge
'Keep his commands, degrees and laws; then you will live and increase, and the lord your God will bless you in the land you are entering to possess'
- Deuteronomy 30:16
- The 10 commandments and 613
Mitzvoth are what God gave to Moses which he uses to rule the lands
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The Shekinah
Exodus:
3:1-6 (Burning Bush, Moses covered his face because he was afraid to look at God
13:20-22 'Pillar of cloud, pillar of fire to protect the people'
24:16 'On the mountain, looked like burning fire on top of the mountain'
25:8 - sacred tent, so God can live amongst his people
- Jews believe that the Shekinah had an early dwelling place called the tabernacle. This was taken everywhere the Jews travelled within 40yrs
- Eventually Gods presence came to rest in the temple in Jerusalem where the ark was kept
- The temple was eventually destroyed in the Roman times, now all that remains is the western wall
- Jews believe the Shekinah is present when they study the law at night and read the shema
Covenants
- God with Noah = God asked Noah and his family to have many children, 'you are in charge of the animals and birds' and in return God promised that he would never flood the world again
-Moses = Moses had a covenant with God (covenant with Abraham renewed), Moses is the only person to see God and is considered the first rabbi
-Abrahamic Covenant = Asked to move across the country (Genesis 12) and go to a new land and God will make his people and country a great nation. Moved from Canaan from Turkey (Haran)
God promises that Abraham's descendants will be his chosen people and that he will bless his family
Circumcision - God can tell who his chosen people are as they are circumcised (all male Jews are circumcised at 8 days old)
Tenakh
Torah is the most important it can take up the 5 years to copy the Torah onto animal skin parchment, when damaged it's not valid for use (they use a Yad (hand) to read and not damage to Torah)
Neviim (books of the prophets) - are written as history with a main purpose to teach about the history of the religion. They show the covenant relationship (shown in the Shema)
Ketuvim (holy writings) - The purpose is to record how the Jews behaved towards God and how that has effected their own history (includes Psalms)
613 Mitzvoth
248 Mitzvoth = aseth (positive commandments 'do')
365 Mitzvoth = ta'aseth (negative commandments 'forbidden')
-At the age of 13 a boy will have his Bar Mitzvah this is where he promises to follow all of the 613 Mitzvoth (women don't have to adhere to all 613 as certain rules only apply to men e.g. circumcision)
Pikuach Nefesh - the sancitiy of life
'Preserving human life should overrule any other religious considerations' - this means that you can break the 613 Mitzvoth
Jewish people often toast "L'Chaim" = to life!
The Synagogue greek for assembly
- Cover head when you enter (Kippa) woman cover head to show they are married
- Siddur - prayer book (pray in hebrew), the most important prayer is the Amidah which is a silent prayer (focused on God) in an Orthodox synagogue it's whispered to signify that they are talking to God. It begins with bowing and stepping forward to enter Gods kingdom, they rock backwards and forwards in the prayer. It ends with peace and they leave Gods kingdom (contains 18 blessings contains 3 types of prayer: praise of God, requests of God and thanksgiving)
- Men and woman sit separately not to distract each other
-Sit facing Jerusalem
-Wear tallit has tzitzit, a trim that contains 613 mitzvoth
- Ner Tamid - an eternal light which is always on and symbolised Gods never ending relationship with Jews
- Arc - most important part contains and protects the holy scriptures
-Jews pray 3 times a day
- Tefillin - cubic black boxed containing leather straps wear on head and wrap straps around arms which contain scriptures
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