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Climate and Weather (atmosphere (Block dangerous sun ray from reaching the…

- - - - at saturation point, the air cannot hold any more water vapor
      - RH at saturation point is 100%
      - the temperature at which saturation point is reached is called dew point temperature.
        condensation starts to occur at dew point temperature.
- - - - Low annual temperature range (<10°C)
        -receive same level of sunlight throughout the year, therefore leads to the uniformity of monthly temperature ( right angle)
      - High annual temperature (>20°C)
        Account for high temperature in areas of low latitude
    - - Rainfall is evenly distributed.
      - High total annual precipitation
        High mean temperature leads to continuous intense heat of the ground throughout the year, resulting in formation of cumulonimbus clouds and convectional rain that is evenly distributed throughout the year.
  - - - Small annual temperature range (<10°C)
        -almost the same level of sunlight throughout the year, resulting in the uniformity of the monthly temperature.
      - High annual temperature (>20°C)
        -account for how temperature is higher in areas of lower latitude. (the angle close to 90 °)
    - - distinct wet and dry seasons
        -seasonal precipitation due to the monsoon rain.
        -in the June of September/October to February of the year, (direction) monsoon wind blow across the (dry land/sea), absorbing moisture and bring heavy rain to the country/brings no rain to the country.
        -opposite as 2.
      - high total annual precipitation
        -high monthly temperature leads to rapid rate of evaporation from the intensely heated ground, forming cumulonimbus clouds and convectional rain throughout the year.
  - - - Low total annual precipitation evenly distributed
        -rain brought by the onshore wind throughout the year
    - - low/moderate mean annual temperature (<10°C/10°C-20°C)
        -account for the low temperature in areas of high latitude
      - Large annual temperature range (>15°C)
        -Due to the tilt of the earth and its revolution around the sun, areas with cool temperate climate are experiencing four seasons.
        -The winter is mild and the summer is warm because the west coast climate is experiencing maritime effect which moderates the effect on temperature during summer and winter.
- - - - :star:At lower/higher latitude, the angles which the sun's ray strikes is at a(n) right/acute angle
        :star:The solar energy is concentrated/distributed on/over a small/large area.
        :star:The atmosphere distance for the sun's ray to travel is shorter/longer, so less/more heat is lost.
        :star:Therefore, at lower/higher latitude, the temprature is higher/lower.
      - :star:For example, Singapore is located at 1° North and her mean annual temprature is 27℃.
        :star:For example, The North pole which is at 0°
    - - :star: The earth's surface is warmed up by the incoming shortwave radiation
        :star: Greenhouse gases absorb the outgoing longwave radiation, warming the atmosphere.
        :star: At lower/higher altitude, there are more/less atmosphere gases and particles such as water vapour, carbon dioxide and dusts to trap the heat emitted from the warm ground.
        :star: Air that is nearer/further to the earth's surface absorbs more/less heat as the air is denser/less dense at lower/higher altitude.
        :star: Therefore, higher altitude has lower temprature.
      - For example, at Mount Everest Base Camp, the altitude is 5200m and the mean annual temprature is -17℃. On the other hand, at Mount Everest Peak, the altitude is 8848m and the mean annual temprature is -31℃
    - - Continental Effect
        
        :star:During summer, land heats up faster than the sea, Therefore the area further in land is having hot summer.
        :star:During winter, land cools down faster than the sea, therefore the area further in land is having cold winter.
        :star:Thus, area further in land is experiencing continental effect and is not influenced by the sea.
        :star:For example, Fairbanks in Alaska has hotter summer and cooler winter than Anchorage, which is nearer to the sea.
      - Maritime Effect
        
        :star:During summer, sea heats up slower than the land. The cooler air over the sea helps to lower the temprature of the coastal area.Therefore, the coastal area is having a warm summer rather than a hot summer.
        :star:During winter, sea cools down slower than the land. The warm air over the sea helps to increase the temprature of the coastal area. Therefore the coastal area is having mild winter rather than cold winter.
        :star:Thus, area near the sea is experiencing maritime effect.
        :star:For example, Fairbanks in Alaska has hotter summer and colder winter than Anchorage which has warm summer and mild winter.
    - - :star: In the day, presence/absence of cloud cover reflect solar radiation back into outer space as well as absorb some solar radiation/allows the solar radiation to reach the earth's surface. Therefore, earth's surface is not/is heated up excessively.
        :star: At night, presence/absence of cloud cover prevents/allows heat radiated from the earth's surface from escaping into space, so temperature falls a few/many degrees only.
        :star: Thus, the diurnal temperature range is small/large.
        :star: For example, Singapore, which located at 1°North, has extensive cloud cover and lower diurnal temperature range. On the other hand, Sahara desert, with no cloud cover, has high diurnal temperature range
- - - - :star:In the day, land heats up faster than the sea.Therefore,the air above the land heats up, expands and rises. This creates an area of lower pressure.
        :star:In the day, land heats up faster than the sea. Therefore, the air above the land become unstable, expands and rises, creating an area of higher pressure..
        :star: Since winds blow from high to low pressure area, the wind will blow from the sea to the land, creating sea breeze.
      - At night, lands loses heat faster than the sea. Therefore, air above the land cools and sinks, creating an area of higher pressure.
        At night, land loses heat faster than the sea, therefore the air above the land contract and sinks, forming an area of higher pressure.
        Since wind blow from high to low pressure area, the wind blow from the land to the sea, creating land breeze.
  - - - coriolis effect is a force,produced by the earth's rotation
        As the earth rotates from the west to the east, the coriolis effect causes the deflection of winds.
    - - During winter in the northern hemisphere, the air over interior Asia is cool.
        The cool air contracts, becomes denser and sinks, creating an area of high pressure.
        The southern hemisphere is having summer.
        The warm air expands, becomes less dense and rises, creating an area of low pressure.
        Winds blows out from high to low pressure area as northeast monsoon winds.
        Northeast monsoon winds blow over land in interior Asia which is dry and cool and brings little rain to India.
        At the same time, Northeast monsoon winds pass by South China Sea, pick up moisture and bring heavy rain to Singapore.
        As Northeast monsoon winds cross the equator to the Southern hemisphere, the coriolis effect causes the wind to be deflected and become.Northwest monsoon winds to Australia.
    - - During winter in the Southern hemisphere, the air over Australia is cool.
        The cool air contracts, becomes denser and sinks, creating and area of high pressure.
        The Northern hemisphere is having summer.
        The warm air expands, becomes less dense and rises, creating an area of low pressure.
        Winds blow out from high to low pressure area as Southeast monsoon winds.
        As Southeast monsoon winds cross the equator, coriolis effect causes the winds to be deflected and become southwest monsoon winds to Singapore.
        Southwest monsoon winds blow past Sumatra in Indonesia. The windward side of the mountain range in Sumatra will get the moisture. Singapore, on the leeward side, will receive low amount of rainfall.
        At the same time, Southwest monsoon winds blow over Indian ocean, pick up moisture and bring heavy rain to India.