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Unit 5 (Chapter 56 (American Intersections: Jazz and Blues Traditions…

- - - - created mainly by African Americans that blended elements
        
        African American ceremonial and work songs
        
        work songs
        
        communal songs that synchronized the rhythm of work
        
        ring shouts
        
        religious rituals that involved moving counterclockwise in a circle while praying, singing, and clapping hands
        
        spirituals
        
        folklike devotional genre of the United States
        
        Western popular and art music
        
        scat-singing
        
        sets syllables without meaning (vocables) to an improvised vocal line
    - - African American form of secular folk music, related to jazz
      - based on a simple, repetitive poetic-musical structure
      - an essential factor in the rise of jazz
      - Blue note
        
        slight drop of pitch on the third, fifth, or seventh note of the scale
    - - trumpet player, singer
      - associated with New Orleans-Style Jazz
      - influenced Billie Holiday
    - - jazz style characterized by multiple improvisations; repertory included blues, ragtime, and popular songs
      - ensemble of trumpet, clarinet (or saxophone), trombone, piano, double bass (or tuba), banjo (or guitar), and drums
    - - mid-1930s to the mid-1940s
      - aka Big-Band Era
      - Duke Ellington
      - gave way to smaller group styles including bebop, cool jazz, and West Coast jazz
  - - - 12-bar blues
      - Melody
        
        syncopated melodies with pitch inflections
        
        free improvisations
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        slow tempo
        
        4/4 meter; steady rhythmic accompaniment under more complex
        
        flexible solo lines
      - Harmony
        
        repeated harmonic progressions for each chorus (I–IV–I–V–I)
      - Texture
        
        polyphonic
        
        countermelodies against a solo voice or instruments
      - Form
        
        12-bar blues
      - Expression
        
        laid-back feeling
        
        different moods in the solos
      - Performing Forces
        
        Holiday, vocal, with trumpet, clarinet, piano, guitar, string bass, and drums
      - Text
        
        chorus 2 is a typical blues text; the others are more free
  - - - Big-band jazz
      - Melody
        
        disjunct
        
        syncopated themes
        
        call-and-response exchanges between instruments
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        moderate tempo
        
        syncopated rhythms
        
        short riffs
        
        broad quadruple meter
      - Harmony
        
        complex, advanced harmonies
        
        chromatic
        
        modulates to another key
      - Form
        
        32-bar song form (A-A-B-A) for each of three choruses
        
        introduction and coda
      - Expression
        
        animated movement with special jazz effects
        
        bent notes, shakes, glissandos
      - Timber
        
        big-band sound
        
        reed, brass, and percussion sections
      - Performing Forces
        
        jazz big band
        
        reed, brass, and percussion sections
        
        soloists
        
        Duke Ellington (piano), Ray Nance (trumpet)
- - - - 19th century US song writers combined elements of European art song and opera with other traditions
    - - american entertainment featuring white performers in blackface acting out stereotypes of African American slaves
      - popularized songs
      - racially charged theatrical variety shows
    - - a song accompanied by piano, intended for home entertainment
    - - Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair
        
        parlor music
      - Camptown Races
        
        minstrel song about a slave singing of his happy time betting on horses
      - first American to make a living as a professional songwriter
  - - - Parlor Song
      - Melody
        
        wavelike
        
        descending, then ascending
        
        syllabic setting
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        moderate tempo
        
        broad quadruple meter
      - Harmony
        
        major key
        
        simple block- and broken-chord accompaniment
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
      - Form
        
        strophic
        
        A-A'-B-A song form
      - Performing Forces
        
        tenor
        
        pianoforte
      - Text
        
        strophic poem by Foster
        
        verse 1
- - - - fostered the American wind band tradition
      - bandmaster and composer
    - - piano style created by African Americans; contributed to early jazz styles.
      - highly syncopated melodies and sectional forms
      - made famous by Scott Joplin
        
        "King of Ragtime"
        
        Maple Leaf Rag
    - - one of a series of contrasting sections found in rags and marches
    - - perforated paper roll that was recorded and then capable of playing back mechanically on a player piano
      - early form of musical playback technology
  - - - Piano rag
      - Melody
        
        catchy
        
        syncopated
        
        disjunct melodies
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        marchlike duple meter
        
        syncopated in right hand
        
        steady beat in bass
      - Harmony
        
        major key
        
        shifts to a new key in C section
        
        decorative rolled chords
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
        
        chordal accompaniment to the melody
      - Form
        
        dance made up of four sections (strains)
        
        each 16 measures and repeated: A-A-B-B-A-C-C-D-D
      - Performing Forces
        
        Joplin plays on a 1910 Steinway piano roll