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(Theories (Management Theory: Theory X- managers believe that employees…
Theories
Management Theory: Theory X- managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishments. Theory Y-managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this inner motive, studies show its more beneficial
The opponent-process theory was first developed by Ewald Hering. He noted that there are color combinations that we never see, such as reddish-green or yellowish-blue. Opponent-process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of three opponent systems. In the theory, he postulated about three independent receptor types which all have opposing pairs: white and black, blue and yellow, and red and green.
James Theory: the conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal, The James-Lange theory emphasizes the physiological determinants of emotion. According to this view, different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
Incentive theories propose that external stimuli regulate motivational states . An incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex (creating the conscious experience of emotion) and to the autonomic nervous system (creating visceral arousal).
Drive theories apply the concept of homeostasis to behavior. A drive is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension. These unpleasant states of tension are viewed as disruptions of the preferred equilibrium. According to drive theories, when individuals experience a drive, they’re motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive reduction
the experience of emotion depends on two factors: (1) autonomic arousal and (2) cognitive interpretation of that arousal. Schachter proposed that when you experience visceral arousal, you search your environment for an explanation. If you’re stuck in a traffic jam, you’ll probably label your arousal as anger.Both our physical responses and cognitive labels (mental interpretations) combine to cause emotional responses
People who are physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions
Achievement Motivation: Examines our desires to master complex tasks/knowledge and reach goals. Some people have higher than others. Varies from activity to activity
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs- to satisfy drives for hunger, thirst, and sex Safety needs- to feel safe, secure, and out of danger Belonging and love needs- to be accepted and belong Esteem needs- to achieve and to gain approval and recognition Self-actualization needs- to achieve your unique potential
Sexual Response Cycle: Documented by William Masters and Virginia Johnson: Stages- initial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase. Psychological Factors: Sexual desire can be present even when the capability to have sex is lost, Erotic material can spark physiological responses
Eating Disorders: Bulimia, Anorexia nervosa, Obesity
Internals: respond more often to internal hunger cues. The extent of the effect of each type of cue on us might be learned. Garcia effect- taste aversion to a food results after feeling nauseous after eating it, We prefer foods we were raised with
Biological Basis of Hunger- Lateral hypothalamus causes us to eat. Ventromedial hypothalamus-satiety center + causes us to stop eating
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)-Describes the general response animals and humans have to a stressful event Stages:alarm reaction-the organism readies itself to meet the challenge by activating the sympathetic nervous system. resistance-body remains physiologically ready, hormones released to maintain readiness, if in this state for too long, the body will be depleted of resources. exhaustion-parasympathetic nervous system returns our body to normal more vulnerable to disease
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex. Heterosexuals seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex, bi
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Extrinsic motivators-rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves. ex: grades, salary
Intrinsic motivators- rewards we get internally. ex: enjoyment, satisfaction. most effective to sustain a behavior for a long period of time
Set-point theory- the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight. if we drop below the weight, it lowers our metabolic rate (how quickly our body uses energy). when the set point is reached: hypothalamus tells us to stop eating and raises metabolism to burn excess food
Psychological Factors in Hunger Motivation- Externals: more motivated to eat by external food cues, attractiveness or availability of food
Achievement Motivation: Examines our desires to master complex tasks/knowledge and reach goals. Some people have higher than others. Varies from activity to activity
homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium or stability
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The achievement motive is the need to master diffi cult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence. Above all else, the need for achievement involves the desire to excel, especially in competition with others.