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URBAN GROWTH - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES (Opportunities (NEEs)…
URBAN GROWTH - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Opportunities
(NEEs)
Social:
Better access to services, e.g. health care and education, compared to rural areas
Better acces to resources, such as clean water supply and electricity
Economic:
Growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic developments. Manufactured goods make greater profits than unprocessed goods (e.g. agricultural products) so industrialised countries get wealthier
As industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in the factories - there are more jobs and better wages than in rural areas
Industries sell the goods they produce on the international market
Challenges
(NEEs)
Social and Economic:
Many people who move to the city from rural areas end up in squatter settlements (slums) - settlements that are built illegally in and around the city, by people who can't afford proper housing
They are often badly built and overcrowded
People often don't have access to basic services, e.g. clean running water, proper sewers or electricity
The unclean conditions and lack of access to medical services mean people often have poor health
People may not have access to education so they are unable to develop the skills needed to get better jobs. They often work long hours for little pay
There can be high levels of unemployment and crime
Environmental:
If cities grow rapidly waste disposal services, sewage systems and environmental regulations for factories can't keep pace with the growth
Rubbish often isn't collected or it may end up in big rubbish heaps. This can damage the environment, especially if it's toxic
Air pollution comes from burning fuel, vehicle exhaust fumes and factories
Sewage and toxic chemicals can get into rivers, harming wildlife
Tthe road system may ot be able to cope with all the vehicles. Congestion causes increased greenhouse gas emissions
Example:
Favela-Bairro
The project helps poor people in Rio de Janeiro's Favelas
Often the poorest people in urban areas are the worst affected by the problems of urban growth
Urban planning schemes can help reduce the impact of these problems and improve the quality of life for the urban poor
Rio de Janeiro is in south east Brazil. It has more than
600 squatter settlements
(favelas), housing
one-fifth
of the city's population (more than
one million people
)
The
Favela-Bairo
project ran from
1995 - 2008
and involved
253000 people
in
73 favelas
. It has led to:
Social improvements:
e.g. there are now day care centres for children, adult education classes and services to help people with drug and alcohol addictions
Economic imporvements:
e.g. the project is helping epople get legal ownership of their properties and running training schemes to help people find better jobs
Environmental improvements:
e.g. wooden building are being replaced with brick buildings, streets have been widened and paved, and there are now rubbish collection services