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SA - System Analysis (First Toughts (multi-actor context system, open and…

- - - - Interest: health environment
      - Objective: unpolluted groundwater
  - - - what can be means to one actor can be an objective to another.
        example, forbiding the use of pesticides, for government is a mean, for environmental organization is an objective.
- - - - the factors whose values indicate to what extent the problem has been solved
    - - factors that cannot be influenced by the client, but do affect one or more criteria
    - - actions of the client that affect one or more criteria
    - - all other factors that play a role in the causal chains that affect the criteria
    - - Means on the left;
        External factors on the top;
        Criterias on the right.
- - - - Farmer objective: to have enough water even in dry summers
      - why?
      - to have a good grop
      - Why?
      - Because I'm a farmer!
        
        indicates that "having a good crop" is a fundamental objective
      - To make a living!
        
        this would suggest that switching from farming to another livelihood is conceivable.
    - - rectangles denote means/ends. Description should be a verb phrase: stimulate; improve; reduce, etc.
      - Arrows denote causal relations, X->Y, use X, this helps Y.
      - Arrows should point upwards. This rule garantees that the most fundamntals objective are at the top of the diagram
      - More than one arrow may proceed from the same rectangle. One means can contribute with several objectives.
      - Each rectangle should have either none or more than one ingoing arrows. If one objective can be realized be only one means there is no option.
      - There should be no redundant arrows.
    - - Spatial demarcations focus on the physsical scope of the problem
      - Temporal demarcations focus on the time within which one analyses the problem
        
        No only in terms of when, but also duration, future events, etc
- - - - Finding the right words
      - What exactly does the actor want?
      - Constructing an objectives tree begins by considerin the focal objective selected in the means-ends diagram and then making one or more problem formulations that make the client's dilemmas apparent
    - - Step 1. rectangles denote objectives
        
        The text in a rectangle should be a noun phrase that indicates a desired state (high, good, less, faster, etc) Verbs should not be used.
      - Step 2. connecting lines denote definition relations
      - Step 3. each objective should have either zero or more than one sub-objectives. keep diagram as simple as possible.
      - Step 4. the lowest-level objectives should be operational: the noun phrase in these rectangles should make clear which factor is to change (or not change) as well as the direction of the desirable and undesirable changes, and the factor concerned should be measurable on some scale.
      - OBJECTIVES TREES ARE DIFFERENT FROM MEANS-ENDS DIAGRAM!
    - - The main function of an objectives tree is to define the objectives of an actor in such detail that the analyst ca infer the set of criteria that need to be considered when evaluating alternative solutions.
      - Using Proxies as Criteria
        
        a proxy is a measurable factor that is believed to give a good indication of the realization of the actual objective
        
        the danger of using proxies is that they may not be representative of the degree to which the objectives are actually achieved.
        
        Example: death rate as proxy for public health or a number of doctors or hospitals per 1000 persons, may not be represenative.
    - - several actors with different interests
      - and possibly conflicting objectives
      - combine and structure the criteria from the objectives tree of different actors in a problem context