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lu1 (theory in research (evaluating theories (appropriateness (external…

- - - - prediction (is a statement that an event or out come of a research study will occur.)
      - explanation can either be ordinary or theoretical. an ordinary explanation describes aspects of every day life in order to make it more understandable. a theoretical explanation includes a logical argument or poisons and explains the concepts and underlying principals that establish the argument.
  - - - external constancy (how understandable is it in comparison to other theories )
      - internal consistency (the logical use of ideas and constructs in the development of a theory)
  - - - inductive (from more specific to the more general)
      - deductive (reasoning from general assumptions to more specific assumptions.)
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    - - macrotheory
      - mesotheory
      - micro theory
    - - interpretivist theorizing
      - interpretivist theorizing
      - positivist theorizing
      - critical theorizing
  - - - it points to concepts on which we focus
      - to outline the theoretical scope
      - assists us identifying key variables
- - - - 1 identifying and analyzing the problem
        
        research topics
        
        exploratory research
        
        explanatory research
        
        descriptive research
      - 2 finding and reading the literature
        
        stage 2: focus on articles that contain key words and info relevant
        
        stage 3
        
        stage 1: research databases
      - 3 formulating you question or hypotheses
        
        a hypotheses is a statement the you will ether attempt to accept or reject at the end of your research
      - 4 choosing an approach
      - 5 writing your research proposal
        
        feasibility
        
        ethical implementations
        
        what are you researching
        
        why is it worth doing
        
        how are you going to gather
      - 6 pretesting your research data collection methods or instruments
      - 7 sample and collect you data
      - 8 analyzing and interpreting your information
      - 9 writing your report
  - - - identifying problems
        
        addressing uncertainties
        
        identifying relationships between variables
        
        finding solutions
        
        developing theories
        
        planning for the future
- - - - historical hermeneutic
        
        (primary goal is to gain understanding, more interested in symbolism and the way in which people use them to gain understanding)
        
        objective knowledge (free from culture and absolutely certain)
        
        subjective (the researcher's own interests and expectation)
      - empirical analytical (empirical research is concerned with phenomena that is conformable through observation)
      - critically oriented (to free people from all forms of domination and oppression and to use knowledge to empower people to do so, ideally researchers should use both quantitative and qualitative methodologies in their search for the truth)
  - - - methodological position subjective qualitative methods are used
      - meta-theoretical position theory should tell a story in order to create an in depth understanding of other peoples realities.
      - axiological position* uniqueness is valued
      - ontological position reality is fluid and subjective and is created by human interaction
      - to understand and describe meaningful social action and experiences
      - epistemological position something is seen as knowledge when it feels right to those being studied. common sense is an important source of knowledge.
    - - to expose myths and empower people to transform society radically.
      - epistemological position knowledge should supply people with the tools needed to change their own world.
      - ontological position reality changes over time and is governed by underlying structures.
      - methodological position mixed methods are used (quantitative, qualitative and quantitative methods are combined.
      - meta-theoretical position theory should be a critique that reveals true social conditions and that helps people to see the way to a better world.
      - axiological position freedom, equality and emancipation are valued.
    - - ontological position reality is external and objective and the laws that govern it can be discovered
      - methodological position reliability is important, objective quantitative research is used
      - to discover causal relationships in order to predict and control events
      - meta-theoretical position by establishing causal relationships we can predict effects and therefore take action to manipulate or control phenomena
      - epistemological position the only valid knowledge is knowledge produced by empirical observation
      - axiological position objective research, truth and reason is valued.
    - - methodological position
      - epistemological position (ontos-being) the study of being, existence or realty
      - meta-theoretical position (meta-about) theory of theory
      - epistemological position (episteme- knowledge) (the study of knowledge) deals with what counts as knowledge)
      - axiological position (axios-worthy) study of values and judgments