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Mixtures, Chromatography and Separation Techniques (Mixtures (Air is a…

- - - - Suchas #
        
        Filtering
        
        Simple Distallation
        
        Fractional distallation
        
        Crystillisation
        
        Chromatography
- - - - e.g. solid impurities in the reaction mixture can be filtered out using filtration
  - - - Steps
        
        2) Slowly heat the solution
        
        The solvent will evaporate
        
        The solution will become more concentrated
        
        Eventually, crystals will start to form #
        
        3) Keep heating the evaporating dish until all you have left are dry crystals
        
        1) pour the solution into an evaporating dish
      - Really quick way of separating salt from a solution
        
        Can only be used if the salt doesn't decompose when it is heated
        
        If that happens, you have to use crystillisation
  - - - 1) pour the solution into an evaporating dish
      - 2) once some of the solvent has evaporated, or when you start to see crystals form (the point of crystillisation) remove the dish and leave to cool
      - 3) the salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution
      - 4) filter the crystals out of the solution, and leave them in a warm place to dry.
    - - Rock Salt is a mixture of salt and sand
        
        aka grit?
        
        Both are compounds - however, salt dissolves in water, and sand doesn't
        
        This important difference in their physical properties is a great way to separate them.
      - Steps
        
        1) grind the mixture to make sure that the salt crystals are small, so will dissolve easily.
        
        2) put the mixture in water and dissolve
        
        The salt will dissolve, but the sand won't.
        
        3) filter the mixture. The grains of sand won't fit through the tiny holes in the filter paper, so will instead collect on the paper.
        
        The salt passes through the filter paper as it is part of the solution
        
        4) Evaporate the water from the salt so that it forms dry crystals
  - - - Simple
        
        Used to separate out a liquid from a solution
        
        Steps
        
        1) the solution is heated. The part of the solution that has the lowest boiling point will evaporate first
        
        2) the vapour is then cooled, condensed and collected.
        
        3) the rest of the solution is left behind in the flask
        
        You can use simple distillation to get pure water from seawater.
        
        The water evaporates, and is condensed and collected.
        
        Eventually, you are left with just salt in the flask.
        
        The problem with simple distillation is that it can only be used to separate out substances with very different boiling tempreatures
        
        If the temperature goes higher than the boiling point of the substance with the higher boiling point, the two will mix again.
        
        If you have a solution with lots of different liquids with different boiling points, then you should use fractional distillation.
        #
      - Fractional
        
        If you've got a mixture of liquids, you can separate it using fractional distillation.
        
        Steps
        
        1) Put the mixture in the flask and a fractioning column on top.
        Apply heat
        
        2) the different liquids will all have different boiling points. This means that they will evaporate at different tempreatures
        
        3) The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first. When the temperature on the thermometer matches with the boiling point of the liquid, it will reach the top of the column.
        
        4) Liquids with higher boiling points may also start to evaporate. However, the column is cooler towards the top. This means that they will only get part the way up before they start to condense and run back down the flask.
- - - - The solvent used depends on the type of ink being tested
        
        Some compounds dissolve well in water, but sometimes different solvents such as ethanol are needed.
    - - Otherwise it will disolve
    - - This makes the dyes separate out
      - Each dye will form a spot at a different rate, one spot per dye